Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Neuroendocrine Actions Of Neuropeptide Y

  • Chapter
Neuropeptide Y and Related Peptides

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 162))

Abstract

In the two decades since its discovery neuropeptide Y (NPY) has emerged as a major peptidergic neuromessenger in neuroendocrine regulation, affecting the secretion of every anterior and posterior pituitary hormone. Innervation of these neuroendocrine networks derives from the major NPY cell group in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and from noradrenergic and adrenergic cells in the lower brainstem, in which NPY serves a cotransmitter role. Regarding the magnocellular neuroendocrine system, NPY directly innervates vasopressin (VP)-secreting, and probably, oxytocin (OT)-secreting, cells, and stimulates the release of both peptides. Whether such effects are important for the release of OT or VP in response to specific physiological stimuli remains to be determined, however. Much more information is available regarding NPY effects on anterior pituitary hormone secretion. NPY, mainly deriving from arcuate neurons, inhibits the secretion of prolactin (PRL), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and growth hormone (GH), and stimulates the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). For the most part, these effects are exerted by altering the neurosecretion of the cognate hypothalamic releasing and/or inhibiting hormone systems that regulate anterior pituitary secretion. In addition, an action at the anterior pituitary gland is important in the NPY inhibition of PRL secretion. In the case of PRL, TSH, and ACTH, the agouti-related peptide, which is coexpressed in arcuate NPY neurons, exerts the same effect as NPY, suggesting a postjunctional co-action of these two messengers. When considered together with the critical orexigenic effects of NPY, it is evident that the arcuate NPY system is important in integrating a variety of physiological, neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to conditions of nutritional inadequacy. Moreover, changes in circulating leptin, signaling the status of adipose tissue energy stores, appears to be a major factor in orchestrating these behavioral and neuroendocrine changes via its effects on hypothalamic NPY synthesis and release.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abe H, Engler D, Molitch ME, Bollinger-Gruber J, Reichlin S (1985) Vasoactive intestinal peptide is a physiological mediator of prolactin release in the rat. Endocrinology 116: 1383–1390

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adams EF, Venetikou MS, Woods CA, Lacoumenta S, Burrin JM (1987) Neuropeptide Y directly inhibits growth hormone secretion by human pituitary somatotropic tumours. Acta Endocrinol 115:149–154

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahima RS Prabakaran D, Mantzoros C, Qu D, Lowell B, Maratos-Flier E, Flier JS (1996) Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting. Nature 382:250–252

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akabayashi A, Watanabe Y, Wahlestedt C, McEwen BS, Paez X, Leibowitz SF (1994) Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y, its gene expression and receptor activity: relation to circulating corticosterone in adrenalectomized rats. Brain Res 665:201–212

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Albers RE, Ottenweller JE, Liou SY, Lumpkin MD, Anderson ER (1990) Neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus: effect on corticosterone and single unit activity. Am J Physiol 258:R376–R382

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker RA, Herkenham M (1995) Arcuate neurons that project to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: neuropeptidergic identity and consequences of adrenalectomy on mRNA levels in the rat. J Comp Neurol 358:518–530

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barber MC, Clegg RH, Travers MT, Vernon RG (1997) Lipid metabolism in the lactating mammary gland. Biochim Biophys Acta 1347:101–126

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Jonathan N (1983) Dopamine: a prolactin inhibiting hormone. Endocrinol Rev 6:564–589

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Jonathan N, Hnasko R (2001) Dopamine as a prolactin (PRL) inhibitor. Endocrinol Rev 22:724–763

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradbury MJ, Akana SF, Cascio CS, Levin N, Jacobson L, Dallman MF (1991) Regulation of basal ACTH secretion by corticosterone is mediated by both type I (MR) and type II (GR) receptors in rat brain. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 40:133–142

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brogan RS, Mitchell SE, Trayhurn P, Smith MS (1999) Suppression of leptin during lactation: Contribution of the suckling stimulus vs. milk production. Endocrinology 140:2621–2627

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks AN, Howe DC, Porter DW, Naylor AM (1994) Neuropeptide-Y stimulates pituitary-adrenal activity in fetal and adult sheep. J Neuroendocrinol 6:161–166

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell RE, Ffrench-Mullen JMH, Cowley MA, Smith MS, Grove KL (2001) Hypothalamic circuitry of neuropeptide Y regulation of neuroendocrine function and food intake via the Y5 receptor subtype. Neuroendocrinology 74:106–119

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell CA, Kurcz M, Marshall S, Meites J (1977) Effects of starvation in rats on serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyrotropin, growth hormone and prolactin; response to LH-releasing hormone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Endocrinology 100:580–587

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carro E, Seoane LM, Senaris R, Considine RV, Casanueva FF, Dieguez C (1998) Interaction between leptin and neuropeptide Y on in vivo growth hormone secretion. Neuroendocrinology 68:187–191

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casanueva FF, Dieguez C (1999) Neuroendocrine regulation and actions of leptin. Front Neuroendocrinol 20:317–363

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Catzeflis C, Pierroz DD, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Rivier JE, Sizonenko PC, Aubert ML (1993) Neuropeptide Y administered chronically into the lateral ventricle profoundly inhibits both the gonadotropic and somatotropic axes in intact adult female rats. Endocrinology 132:224–234

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chabot J-C, Enjalbert A, Pelletier G, Dubois PM, Morel G (1988) Evidence for a direct action of neuropeptide Y in the rat pituitary gland. Neuroendocrinology 47:511–517

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan YY, Steiner RA, Clifton DK (1996) Regulation of hypothalamic neuropeptide-Y neurons by growth hormone in the rat. Endocrinology 137:1319–1325

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen P, Li C, Haskell-Luevano C, Cone RD, Smith MS (1999) Altered expression of agouti-related protein and its co-localization with neuropeptide Y in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus during lactation. Endocrinology 140:2645–2650

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chronwall BM, DiMaggio DA, Massari VJ, Pickel VM, Ruggiero DA, O’Donohue TL. (1985) The anatomy of neuropeptide Y-containing neurons in rat brain. Neuroscience 15:1159–1181

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ciofi P, Crowley WR, Pillez A, Schmued LL, Tramu G, Mazzuca M (1993) Plasticity in expression of immunoreactivity for neuropeptide Y, enkephalins and neurotensin in the hypothalamic tubero-infundibular dopaminergic system during lactation in mice. J Neuroendocrinol 5:599–602

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ciofi P, Fallon JH, Croix, D, Polak JM, Tramu G (1991) Expression of neuropeptide Y precursor immunoreactivity in the hypothalamic dopaminergic tubero-infundibular system during lactation in rodents. Endocrinology 128:823–834

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conrad CD, McEwen BS (2000) Acute stress increases neuropeptide Y mRNA within the arcuate nucleus and hilus of the dentate gyrus. Mol Brain Res 79:102–109

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crowley WR (1988) Role of endogenous opioid neuropeptides in the physiological regulation of luteinizing hormone and prolactin secretion. In: Negro-Vilar A and Conn PM (eds) Peptide hormones: Effects and mechanisms of action III. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 79–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowley WR (1999) Toward multifactorial regulation of anterior pituitary hormone secretion. News Physiol Sci 14:54–58

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crowley WR, Ramoz G (2002) Up-regulation of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y during lactation in rats: Mediation by hypo-insulinemia and hypo-leptinemia. Abstracts of the 32nd Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, #134.3

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowley WR, Ramoz G, Hurst B (2003) Evidence for involvement of neuropeptide Y and melanocortin systems in the hyperphagia of lactation in rats. Pharm Biochem Behav 74:417–424

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Csiffary A, Gores TJ, Palkovits M (1990) Neuropeptide Y innervation of ACTH-immunoreactive neurons in the arcuate nucleus of rats: A correlated light and electron microscopic double immunolabeling study. Brain Res 506:215–222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dallman MF, Akana SF, Levin N, Walker CD, Bradbury MJ, Suemaru S, Scribner KS. (1994) Corticosteroids and the control of function in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Ann NY Acad Sci 746:22–31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dallman MF, Akana SF, Srack AS, Hanson ES, Sebastian RJ (1995) The neural network that regulates energy balance is responsive to glucocorticoids and insulin and also regulates HPA axis responsivity at a site proximal to CRF neurons. Ann NY Acad Sci 771:730–742

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dallman MF, Strack AM, Akana SF, Bradbury MJ, Hanson ES, Scribner KA, Smith M (1993) Feast and famine: critical role of glucocorticoids with insulin in daily energy flow. Front Neuroendocrinol 4:303–347

    Google Scholar 

  • Day TA, Jhamandas JH, Renaud LP (1985) Comparison between the actions of avian pancreatic polypeptide, neuropeptide Y and norepinephrine on the excitability of rat supraoptic vasopressin neurons. Neurosci Lett 62:181–185

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Quidt ME, Emson PC (1986) Distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system. II. Immunohistochemical analysis. Neuroscience 15:1149–1157

    Google Scholar 

  • Dean RG, White BD (1990) Neuropeptide Y expression in rat brain: effects of adrenalectomy. Neurosci Lett 114:339–344

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dhillo WS, Small CJ, Seal LJ, Kim MS, Stanley SA, Murphy KG, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR (2002) The hypothalamic melanocortin system stimulates the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in vitro and in vivo in male rats. Neuroendocrinology 75:209–216

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diano S, Naftolin F, Goglia F, Horvath TL (1998) Segregation of the intra-and extrahypothalamic neuropeptide Y and catecholaminergic inputs on paraventricular neurons, including those producing thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Regul Pept 75/76:117–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Engler D, Redei E, Kola I (1999) The corticotropin-release inhibitory factor hypothesis: A review of the evidence for the existence of inhibitory as well as stimulatory hypophysiotropic regulation of adrenocorticotropin secretion and biosynthesis. Endocrinol Rev 20:460–500

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Everitt BJ, Hokfelt T, Terenius L, Tatemoto K, Mutt V, Goldstein M (1984) Differential coexistence of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity with catecholamines in the central nervous system of the rat. Neuroscience 11:443–462

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fekete C, Kelly J, Mihaly E, Sarkar S, Rand WM, Legradi G, Emerson CH, Lechan RM (2001) Neuropeptide Y has a central inhibitory action on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Endocrinology 142:2606–2613

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fekete C, Legradi G, Mihaly E, Huang QH, Tatro JH, Rand WM, Emerson CH, Lechan RM (2000) α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone is contained in nerve terminals innervating thyrotropin-releasing hormone-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and prevents fasting-induced suppression of prothyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression. J Neurosci 20:1550–1558

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fekete C, Sarkar S, Rand WM, Harney JW, Emerson CH, Bianco AC, Lechan RM (2002) Agouti-related protein (AGRP) has a central inhibitory action on the hypothalamicpituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis: comparison between the effect of AGRP and neuropeptide Y on energy homeostasis and the HPT axis. Endocrinology 143:3846–3853

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming AS (1976) Control of food intake in the lactating rat: role of suckling and hormones. Physiol Behav 17:841–848

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frohman LA, Downs TR, Chomczynski P (1992) Regulation of growth hormone secretion. Front Neuroendocrinol 13:344–405

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuda H, Ohshima K, Mori M, Kobayashi I, Greer MA (1980) Sequential changes in the pituitary-thyroid axis during pregnancy and lactation in the rat. Endocrinology 107:1711–1716

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuxe K, Agnati LF, Harfstrand A, Eneroth P, Cintra A, Tinner B, Merlo Pich E, Aronsson M, Bunnemann B, Lang R, Ganten D (1989) Studies on the neurochemical mechanisms underlying the neuroendocrine actions of neuropeptide Y. In: Mutt V, Hokfelt T, Fuxe K, Lundberg JM (eds) Neuropeptide Y (Karolinska Institute Nobel Conference Series) Raven Press, New York, pp 115–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Gershengorn MC (1985) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone action: Mechanism of calciummediated stimulation of prolactin secretion. Rec Progr Horm Res 41:607–646

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gruaz NM, Pierroz DD, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Sizonenko PC, Aubert ML (1993) Evidence that neuropeptide Y could represent a neuroendocrine inhibitor of sexual maturation in unfavorable metabolic conditions in the rat. Endocrinology 133:1891–1894

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haas DA, George SR (1989) Neuropeptide Y-induced effects on hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor content and release are dependent on noradrenergic/adrenergic neurotransmission. Brain Res 498:333–338

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn TM, Breninger JF, Baskin DG, Schwartz MW (1998) Coexpression of Agrp and NPY in fasting-activated hypothalamic neurons. Nature Neurosci 1:271–272

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson ES, Dallman MF (1995) Neuropeptide Y (NPY) may integrate responses of hypothalamic feeding systems and the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis. J Neuroendocrinol 7:273–279

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson ES, Levin N, Dallman MF (1997) Elevated corticosterone is not required for the rapid induction of neuropeptide Y gene expression by an overnight fast. Endocrinology 138:1041–1047

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harfstrand A, Cintra A, Fuxe K, Aronsson M, Wikstrom A-C, Okret S, Gustafsson J-A, Agnati LF (1989) Regional differences in glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity among neuropeptide Y immunoreactive neurons of the rat brain. Acta Physiol Scand 135:3–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harfstrand A, Eneroth P, Agnati L, Fuxe K (1987a) Further studies on the effects of central administration of neuropeptide Y on neuroendocrine function in the male rat: Relationship to hypothalamic catecholamines. Regul Pept 17:167–179

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harfstrand A, Fuxe K, Terenius L, Kalia M (1987b) Neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive perikarya and nerve terminals in the rat medulla oblongata: relationship to cytoarchitecture and catecholaminergic cell groups. J Comp Neurol 260:20–35

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haskell-Luevano C, Monck EK (2001) Agouti-related protein functions as an inverse agonist at a constitutively active brain melanocortin-4 receptor. Regul Pept 99:1–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hastings JA, McClure-Sharp JM, Morris MJ (2001) NPY Y1 receptors exert opposite effects on corticotropin releasing factor and noradrenaline overflow from the rat hypothalamus in vitro. Brain Res 890:32–37

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higuchi T, Honda K, Fukuoka T, Negoro H, Hosono Y, Nishida E (1983) Pulsatile secretion of prolactin and oxytocin during nursing in the lactating rat. Endocrinol Japon 30:353–359

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hinuma S, Habata Y, Fujii R, Kawamata Y, Hosoya M, Fukusumi S, Kitada C, Masuo Y, Asano T, Matsumoto H, Sekiguchi M, Kurokawa T, Nishimura O, Onda H, Fujino M (1998) A prolactin-releasing peptide in the brain. Nature 393:272–276

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hisano S, Kagotani Y, Tsuruo Y, Daikoku S, Chihara K, Whitnall MH (1988) Localization of glucocorticoid receptor in neuropeptide Y-containing neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the rat hypothalamus. Neurosci Lett 95:13–18

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hooi SC, Richardson GS, McDonald JK, Allen JM, Martin JB, Koenig JI (1989) Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasopressin (AVP) in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial axis of salt-loaded or Brattleboro rats. Brain Res 486:214–220

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horvath TL, Bechmann I, Naftolin F, Kalra SP, Leranth C (1997) Heterogeneity in the neuropeptide Y-containing neurons of the rat arcuate nucleus: GABAergic and non-GABAergic subpopulations. Brain Res 756:283–286

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horvath TL, Naftolin F, Kalra SP, Leranth C (1992) Neuropeptide-Y innervation of ß-endorphin-containing cells in the rat mediobasal hypothalamus: A light and electron microscopic double immunostaining analysis. Endocrinology 131:2461–2467

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hsueh Y-C, Cheng S-M, Pan J-T (2002) Fasting stimulates tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neuronal activity and inhibits prolactin secretion in oestrogen-primed ovariectomized rats: Involvement of orexin A and neuropeptide Y. J Neuroendocrinol 14:745–752

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hull KL, Harvey S (2001) Growth hormone: roles in female reproduction. J Endocrinol 168:1–23

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inui A, Inoue T, Nakajima M, Okita M, Sakatani N, Okimura C, Chihara K, Baba S. (1990) Effect of neuropeptide Y in the control of adrenocorticotropic secretion in the dog. Brain Res 504:211–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwai C, Ochai H, Nakai Y (1989) Electron-microscopic immunohistochemistry of neuropeptide Y immunoreactive innervation of vasopressin neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of rat hypothalamus. Acta Anat 136:279–284

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kagotani Y, Tsuruo Y, Hisano S, Daikoku S, Chihara K (1989a) Axons containing neuropeptide Y innervate arginine vasopressin-containing neurons in the rat paraventricular nucleus. Dual electron microscopic immunolabeling. Histochemistry 91:273–281

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kagotani Y, Tsuruo Y, Hisano S, Daikoku S, Chihara K (1989b) Synaptic regulation of paraventricular arginine vasopressin-containing neurons by neuropeptide Y-containing monoaminergic neurons in rats. Electron microscopic triple labeling. Cell Tiss Res 257:269–278

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalra SP, Crowley WR (1992) Neuropeptide Y: A novel neuroendocrine peptide in the control of pituitary hormone secretion, and its relation to luteinizing hormone. Front Neuroendocrinol 13:1–46

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalra SP, Dube MG, Pu S, Xu B, Horvath TL, Kalra PS (1999) Interacting appetite-regulating pathways in the hypothalamic regulation of body weight. Endocrinol Rev 20:68–100

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamegai J, Minami S, Sugihara H, Hasegawa O, Higuchi H, Wakabayashi I (1996) Growth hormone receptor gene is expressed in neuropeptide Y neurons in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of rats. Endocrinology 137:2109–2112

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamegai J, Minami S, Sugihara H, Higuchi H, Wakabayashi I (1994) Growth hormone induces expression of the c-fos gene on hypothalamic neuropeptide-Y and somatostatin in hypophysectomized rats. Endocrinology 135:2765–2771

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kapoor JR, Sladek CD (2001) Substance P and NPY differentially potentiate ATP and adrenergic stimulated vasopressin and oxytocin release. Am J Physiol 280:R69–R78

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawano H, Daikoku S (1988) Somatostatin-containing neuron systems in the rat hypothalamus: retrograde tracing and immunohistochemical studies. J Comp Neurol 271:293–299

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khanna S, Sibbald JR, Day TA. (1983) Neuropeptide Y modulation of Al noradrenergic neuron input to supraoptic vasopressin cells. Neurosci Lett 161:60–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim MS, Small CJ, Russell SH, Morgan DG, Abbott CR, al Ahmed SH, Hay DL, Ghatei MA, Smith DM, Bloom SR (2002) Effects of melanocortin receptor ligands on thyrotropin-releasing hormone release: Evidence for the differential role of melanocortin 3 and 4 receptors. J Neuroendocrinol 14:276–282

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim MS, Small CJ, Stanley SA, Morgan DG, Seal LJ, Kong WM, Edwards CM, Abusana S, Sunter D, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR (2000) The central melanocortin system affects the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis and may mediate the effect of leptin. J Clin Invest 105:1005–1011

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korbonits M, Little JA, Forsling ML, Tringali G, Costa A, Navarra P, Trainer PJ, Grossman AB (1999) The effect of growth hormone secretagogues and neuropeptide Y on hypothalamic hormone release from acute rat hypothalamic explants. J Neuroendocrinol=11:521–528

    Google Scholar 

  • Korner J, Savontaus E, Chua SC, Leibel RL, Wardlaw SL (2001) Leptin regulation of Agrp and Npy mRNA in the rat hypothalamus. J Neuroendocrinol 13:959–966

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krukoff TL, MacTavish D, Jhamandas JH (1999) Effects of restraint stress and spontaneous hypertension on neuropeptide Y neurons in the brainstem and arcuate nucleus. J Neuroendocrinol 11:715–719

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen PJ, Jessop DS, Chowdrey HS, Lightman SL (1992a) Neuropeptide Y messenger ribonucleic acid in the magnocellular hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of the rat is increased during osmotic stimulation. Neurosci Lett 138:23–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen PJ, Jessop DS, Chowdrey HS, Lightman SL, Mikkelsen JD (1994a) Chronic administration of glucocorticoids directly up regulates prepro-neuropeptide Y and Y1-receptor mRNA levels in the arcuate nucleus of the rat. J Neuroendocrinol 6:153–159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen PJ, Jukes KE, Chowdrey HS, Lightman SL, Jessop DS (1994b) Neuropeptide-Y potentiates the secretion of vasopressin from the neurointermediate lobe of the rat pituitary gland. Endocrinology 134:1635–1639

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen PJ, Mikkelsen JD, Jessop DS, Lightman SL, Chowdrey HS (1993) Neuropeptide Y mRNA and immunoreactivity in hypothalamic neuroendocrine neurons: Effects of adrenalectomy and chronic osmotic stimulation. J Neurosci 13:1138–1147

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen PJ, Sheikh SP, Mikkelsen JD (1992b) Osmotic regulation of neuropeptide Y and its binding sites in the magnocellular hypothalamo-neurohypophysial pathway. Brain Res 573:181–189

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Legradi G, Lechan RM (1998) The arcuate nucleus is the major source for neuropeptide Y-innervation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Endocrinology 139:3262–3270

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leibowitz, SF, Sladek C, Spencer L, Tempel D (1988) Neuropeptide Y, epinephrine and norepinephrine in the paraventricular nucleus: Stimulation of feeding and the release of corticosterone, vasopressin and glucose. Brain Res Bull 21:905–912

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leng G, Brown CH, Russell JA. (1999) Physiological pathways regulating the activity of magnocellular neurosecretory cells. Progr Neurobiol 57:625–655

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li C, Chen P, Smith MS (1999a) The acute suckling stimulus induces expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in cells in the dorsomedial hypothalamus and increases NPY expression in the arcuate nucleus. Endocrinology 140:1645–1652

    Google Scholar 

  • Li C, Chen P, Smith MS (1999b) Neuropeptide Y and tuberoinfundibular dopamine activities are altered during lactation: role of prolactin. Endocrinology 140:118–123

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, C, Chen P, Smith MS (2000) Corticotropin releasing hormone neurons in the paraventricular nucleus are direct targets for neuropeptide Y neurons in the arcuate nucleus: an anterograde tracing study. Brain Res 854:122–129

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liao N, Bulant M, Nicolas P, Vaudry H, Pelletier G (1991) Anatomical interactions of proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-related peptides, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (D beta H) fibers and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of rat hypothalamus. Neuropeptides 18:63–67

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liposits Z, Sievers L. Paull WK (1988) Neuropeptide-Y and ACTH-immunoreactive innervation of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamus of the rat. An immunohistochemical analysis at the light and electron microscopic levels. Histochemistry 88:227–234

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu JP, Clarke IJ, Funder JW, Engler D (1994) Studies on the secretion of corticotrophin-releasing factor and arginine vasopressin into the hypophysial-portal circulation of conscious sheep. II. The central noradrenergic and neuropeptide Y pathways cause immediate and prolonged hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activation. Potential involvement in the pseudo-Cushing’s syndrome of endogenous depression and anorexia nervosa. J Clin Invest 93:1439–1450

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madon RJ, Ensor DM, Flint DJ (1990) Hypoinsulinemia in the lactating rat is caused by a decreased glycaemic stimulus to the pancreas. J Endocrinol 125:81–88

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Makino S, Baker RA, Smith MA, Gold PW (2000) Differential regulation of neuropeptide Y mRNA expression in arcuate nucleus and locus coeruleus by stress and antidepressants. J Neuroendocrinol 12:387–395

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malabu UH, Kilpatrick A, Ware M, Vernon RG, Williams G (1994) Increased neuropeptide Y concentrations in specific hypothalamic regions of lactating rats: Possible relationship to hyperphagia and adaptive changes in energy balance. Peptides 15:83–87

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez de la Escalera G, Weiner RI (1992) Dissociation of dopamine from its receptor as a signal in the pleiotropic hypothalamic regulation of prolactin secretion. Endocr Rev 13:241–255

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald JK, Koenig JI, Gibbs DM, Collins P, Noe BD (1989) High concentrations of neuropeptide Y in pituitary portal blood of rats. Neuroendocrinology 46:538–541

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald JK, Lumpkin MD, Samson WK, McCann SM (1985) Neuropeptide Y affects secretion of luteinizing hormone and growth hormone in ovariectomized rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:561–564

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mihaly E, Fekete C, Tatro JB, Liposits Z, Stopa EG, Lechan RM (2000) Hypophysiotropic thyrotropin-releasing hormone-synthesizing neurons in human hypothalamus are innervated by neuropeptide Y, agouti-related protein, and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:2596–2603

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Misaki N, Higuchi H, Yamagata K, Miki N (1992) Identification of glucocorticoid responsive elements (GREs) at far upstream of rat NPY gene. Neurochem Intl 21185–21189

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore KE (1987) Interactions between prolactin and dopaminergic neurons. Biol Reprod 36:47–58

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris BJ. (1989) Neuronal localization of neuropeptide Y gene expression in rat brain. J Comp Neurol 290:358–368

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munday MH, Williamson DH (1983) Diurnal variations in food intake and in lipogenesis in mammary gland and liver of lactating rats. Biochem J 214:183–187

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagy G, Kacsoh B, Halasz B (1986a) Episodic prolactin and growth hormone secretion not related to the actual suckling activity in lactating rats. J Endocrinol 111:137–142

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagy G, Kacsoh B, Kanyicska B, Toth BE, Korausz E (1986b) Separation and suckling-induced changes in serum growth hormone levels of lactating rats. Endocrinol Exp 20:217–222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nijenhuis WAJ, Oosterom J, Adan RAH (2002) AgRP (83–132) acts as an inverse agonist on the human melanocortin-4 receptor. Mol Endocrinol 15:164–171

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Donohue TL, Chronwall BM, Pruss RM, Mezey E, Kiss JZ, Eiden LE, Massari VJ, Tessel RE, Pickel VM, DiMaggio DA, Hotchkiss AJ, Crowley WR, Zukowska-Grojec Z. (1985) Neuropeptide Y and peptide YY neuronal and endocrine systems. Peptides 6:755–768

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oberkotter LV, Rasmussen KM (1992) Changes in plasma thyroid hormone concentrations in chronically food-restricted female rats and their offspring during suckling. J Nutr 122:435–441

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pape JR, Tramu G (1996) Suckling-induced changes in neuropeptide Y and proopiomelanocortin gene expression in the arcuate nucleus of the rat: Evaluation of a putative intervention of prolactin. Neuroendocrinology 63:540–549

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker MS, Wang JJ, Fournier A, Parker SL (2000) Upregulation of pancreatic polypeptide-sensitive neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptors in estrogen-induced hypertrophy of the anterior pituitary gland in the Fischer-344 rat. Mol Cell Endocrinol 264:239–249

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker SL, Crowley WR (1993) Central stimulation of oxytocin release in the lactating rat: Interaction of neuropeptide Y with α-1 adrenergic mechanisms. Endocrinology 132:658–666

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pelletier G (1990) Ultrastructural localization of neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus. Ann NY Acad Sci 611:232–246

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pelletier G, Tong Y (1992) Lactation but not prolactin increases the levels of pre-proNPY messenger RNA in the rat arcuate nucleus. Mol Cell Neurosci 3:286–290

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pickavance L, Tadayyon M, Williams G, Vernon RG (1998) Lactation suppresses diurnal rhythm of serum leptin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 248:196–199

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pickavance L., Dryden S., Hopkins D, Bing C, Frankish H, Wang Q, Vernon RG, Williams G (1996) Relationship between hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and food intake in the lactating rat. Peptides 17:577–582

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pierroz DD, Catzeflis C, Aebi AC, Rivier JE, Aubert ML (1996) Chronic administration of neuropeptide Y into the lateral ventricle inhibits both the pituitary-testicular axis and growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I secretion in intact adult male rats. Endocrinology 137:3–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pierroz DD, Gruaz NM, d’Alieves V, Aubert ML (1995) Chronic administration of neuropeptide Y into the lateral ventricle starting at 30 days of life delays sexual maturation in the female rat. Neuroendocrinology 61:293–300

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ponsalle P, Srivastava LS, Uht RM, White JD (1997) Glucocorticoids are required for food-deprivation-induced increases in hypothalamic neuropeptide-Y expression. J Neuroendocrinol 4:585–591

    Google Scholar 

  • Pu S, Jain MR, Horvath TL, Diano S, Kalra PS, Kalra SP (1999) Interactions between neuropeptide Y and γ-aminobutyric acid in stimulation of feeding; a morphological and pharmacological analysis. Endocrinology 140:933–940

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rees LH, Besser GM, Grossman A (1989) Neuropeptide-Y stimulates CRF-41 release from rat hypothalami in vitro. Brain Res 502:167–170

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rettori V, Milenkovic L, Aguila MC, McCann SM (1990) Physiologically significant effect of neuropeptide Y to suppress growth hormone release by stimulating somatostatin discharge. Endocrinology 126:2296–2301

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sahu A, Kalra SP, Crowley WR, Kalra PS (1988) Evidence that NPY-containing neurons in the brainstem project into selected hypothalamic nuclei: implication in feeding behavior. Brain Res 457:376–378

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sainsbury A, Cusin I, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Jeanrenaud B (1997a) Adrenalectomy prevents the obesity syndrome produced by chronic central neuropeptide Y infusion in normal rats. Diabetes 46:209–214

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sainsbury A, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Cusin I, Zakrzewska KE, Halban PA, Gaillard RC

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeanrenaud B (1997b) Chronic central NPY infusion in normal rats: status of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, and vagal mediation of hyperinsulinemia. Diabetologia 40:1269–1277

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sainsbury A, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Grouzmann E, Jeanrenaud B (1996) Acute intracere-broventricular administration of neuropeptide Y stimulates corticosterone output and feeding but not insulin output in normal rats. Neuroendocrinology 63:318–326

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sands SA, Le Mon D, Chronwall BM (2001) Lactation and salt loading similarly alter neuropeptide Y, but differentially alter somatostatin, in separate sets of rat neural lobe axons. Peptides 18:1045–1050

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders A, Terry LC, Audet I, Brazeau P, Martin JB (1976) Dynamic studies of growth hormone and prolactin secretion in the female rat. Neuroendocrinology 21:193–203

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sawchenko PE, Swanson LW, Grzanna R, Howe PR, Bloom SR, Polak JM. (1985) Colocalization of neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in brainstem catecholaminergic neurons that project to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. J Comp Neurol 241:138–153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schioth HB, Kakiyaki Y, Kohsaka A, Suda T, Watanobe H (2001) Agouti-related peptide prevents steroid-induced luteinizing hormone and prolactin surges in female rats. Neuroreport 12:687–690

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, MW, Woods SC, Porte D, Seely RJ, Baskin DG (2000) Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature 404:661–671

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheikh SP, Feldthus N, Orkild H, Goke R, McGregor GP, Turner D, Moler M, Stuenkel EL (1998) Neuropeptide Y2 receptors on nerve endings from the rat neurohypophysis regulate vasopressin and oxytocin release. Neuroscience 82:107–115

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sibbald JR, Wilson BK, Day TA (1989) Neuropeptide Y potentiates excitation of supraoptic neurosecretory cells by noradrenaline. Brain Res 499:164–168

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sladek CD, Kapoor JR (2001) Neurotransmitter/neuropeptide interactions in the regulation of neurohypophysial hormone release. Exp Neurol 171:200–209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Small CJ, Morgan DG, Meeran K, Heath MM, Gunn I, Edwards CM, Gardiner J, Taylor GM, Hurley JD, Rossi M, Goldstone AP, O’Shea D, Smith DM, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR (1997) Peptide analogue studies of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y receptor mediating pituitary adrenocorticotrophic hormone release. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:11686–11691

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Small TJ, Todd JF, Ghatei M, Smith DM, Bloom SR (1998) Neuropeptide Y (NPY) actions on the corticotroph cell of the anterior pituitary gland are not mediated by a direct effect. Regul Pept 75/76:301–307

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith MS (1993) Lactation alters neuropeptide-Y and proopiomelanocortin gene expression in the arcuate nucleus of lactating rats. Endocrinology 133:1258–1265

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith MS, Grove KL (2002) Integration of reproductive function and energy balance: lactation as a model. Front Neuroendocrinol 23:225–226

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strack AS, Sebastian RJ, Schwartz MW, Dallman MF (1995) Glucocorticoids and insulin: reciprocal signals for energy balance. Am J Physiol 268:R142–R149

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suda T, Tozawa F, Iwai I, Sato Y, Sumitomo T, Nakano Y, Yamada M, Demura H. (1993) Neuropeptide Y increases the corticotropin-releasing factor messenger ribonucleic acid level in the rat hypothalamus. Mol Brain Res 18:311–315

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton S, Toyama T, Otto S, Plotsky P (1988) Evidence that neuropeptide Y (NPY) released into pituitary portal blood participates in priming gonadotrops to the effects of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). Endocrinology 123:1208–1210

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki N, Okada K, Minami S, Wakabayashi I (1996) Inhibitory effect of neuropeptide Y on growth hormone secretion in rats is mediated by both Y1-and Y2-receptor subtypes and abolished after anterolateral deafferentation of the medial basal hypothalamus. Regul Pept 65:145–151

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tannenbaum GS, Epelbaum J, Colle E, Brazeau P, Martin JB (1978) Antiserum to somatostatin reverses starvation-induced inhibition of growth hormone but not insulin secretion. Endocrinology 102:1909–1914

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tempel DL, Leibowitz SF (1993) Glucocorticoid receptors in PVN: Interactions with NE, NPY and Gal in relation to feeding. Am J Physiol 265:E794–E800

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toni R, Jackson IM, Lechan RM (1990) Neuropeptide-Y-immunoreactive innervation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone-synthesizing neurons in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Endocrinology 126:2444–2453

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsagarakis S, Rees LH, Besser GM, Grossman A (1989) Neuropeptide-Y stimulates CRF-41 release from rat hypothalami in vitro. Brain Res 502:167–170

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vallejo M, Carter DA, Dey-Guerra FJ, Emson PC, Lightman SL (1987) Neonatal administration of a specific neuropeptide Y antiserum alters the vasopressin response to haemorrhage and the hypothalamic content of noradrenaline in rats. Neuroendocrinology 45:507–509

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vernon RG (1989) Endocrine control of metabolic adaptation during lactation. Proc Nutr Soc 48:23–32

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vuagnat BA, Pierroz DD, Lalaoui M, Englaro P, Pralong FP, Blum WF, Aubert ML (1998) Evidence for a leptin-neuropeptide Y axis for the regulation of growth hormone secretion in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 67:291–300

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wade GN, Schneider JE (1992) Metabolic fuels and reproduction in female mammals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 16:235–272

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wahlestedt C, Skagerberg G, Ekman R, Heilig M, Sundler F, Hakanson R (1987) Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the area of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus activates the pituitary-adrenal axis in the rat. Brain Res 41:33–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker CD, Lightman SL, Steele MK, Dallman MF (1992) Suckling is a persistent stimulus to the adrenocortical system of the rat. Endocrinology 130:115–125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J,. Ciofi P, Crowley WR (1996) Neuropeptide Y suppresses prolactin secretion from rat anterior pituitary cells: Evidence for interactions with dopamine through inhibitory coupling to calcium entry. Endocrinology 137:587–594

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe Y, Akabayashi A, McEwen BS (1995) Adrenal steroid regulation of neuropeptide Y mRNA: differences between dentate hilus and locus coeruleus and arcuate nucleus. Mol Brain Res 28:135–140

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe H, Schioth HB, Suda T (2001) Stimulation of prolactin secretion by chronic, but not acute, administration of leptin in the rat. Brain Res 887:426–431

    Google Scholar 

  • White BD, Dean RG, Edwards GL, Martin RJ. (1994) Type II corticosteroid receptor stimulation increases NPY gene expression in basomedial hypothalamus of rats. Am J Physiol 266:R1523–R1529

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White BD, Dean RG, Matin RJ (1990) Adrenalectomy decreases neuropeptide Y mRNA levels in the arcuate nucleus. Brain Res Bull 25:711–715

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilding JPH, Gilbey SG, Lambert PD, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR (1993) Increases in neuropeptide Y content and gene expression in the hypothalamus of rats treated with dexamethasone are prevented by insulin. Neuroendocrinology 57:581–587

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson DH (1980) Integration of metabolism in tissues of the lactating rat. FEBS Lett 117(Suppl):K93–K105

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willoughby JO, Blessing WW (1987) Neuropeptide Y injected into the supraoptic nucleus causes secretion of vasopressin in the unanesthetized rat. Neurosci Lett 75:17–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, 30 South 2000 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA

    W. R. Crowley

Authors
  1. W. R. Crowley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Afd. Farmacologie & Farmacotherapie, Academisch Medisch Centrum, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Martin C. Michel

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Crowley, W.R. (2004). Neuroendocrine Actions Of Neuropeptide Y. In: Michel, M.C. (eds) Neuropeptide Y and Related Peptides. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 162. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18764-3_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18764-3_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-62282-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-18764-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation