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Toll-Like Receptors in CNS Parasitic Infections

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Toll-like Receptors: Roles in Infection and Neuropathology

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 336))

Abstract

Parasite infections in the central nervous system (CNS) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, second only to HIV infection. Finding appropriate therapeutic measures to control CNS parasite infections requires an understanding of the tissue-specific host response. CNS parasitic diseases are invariably associated with persistent T-helper 1 (Th1) cytokine-dependent proinflammatory responses. Although type 1 cytokine-dependent proinflammatory responses are essential to control several types of parasite infections, their persistent production contributes to the development of neuropathology with severe consequences. A family of proteins called Toll-like receptors (TLRs) plays a pivotal role in the induction of inflammatory cytokines during infections and tissue injury. Accumulating evidence indicates that in several CNS parasitic infections such as toxoplasmosis and sleeping sickness, host responses mediated through TLRs contribute to parasite clearance and host survival. However, TLR-mediated responses can also contribute to disease severity, as exemplified in cerebral malaria, neurocysticercosis and river blindness. Thus, TLRs influence the immunopathogenesis of CNS parasitic infections by mechanisms that can either benefit the host or further contribute to CNS pathology. This chapter discusses the immunopathogenesis of parasitic infections in the CNS and the role of TLRs in this process.

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Abbreviations

APC:

Antigen-presenting cell

CNS:

Central nervous system

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

DC:

Dendritic cell

GPI:

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol

ICAM-1:

Intercellular adhesion molecule 1

LNFPIII:

Lacto-N-fucopentose III

Lyso-PS:

Lysophosphatidylserine

MyD88:

Myeloid differentiation factor 88

MAL/TIRAP:

MyD88-adaptor-like Toll interleukin-1-associated protein

NCC:

Neurocysticercosis

NO:

Nitric oxide

ODN:

Oligodeoxynucleotide

PAMP:

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern

PC:

Phosphorylcholine

PfEMP-1:

Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1

PFTG:

Profilin-like proteins of Toxoplasma gondii

PRR:

Pattern recognition receptor

RNI:

Reactive nitrogen intermediates

ROI:

Reactive oxygen intermediates

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

Th1:

T-helper 1

Th2:

T-helper 2

Th3:

T-helper 3

TIR:

Toll interleukin-1 receptor

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

TRIF:

Toll-receptor-associated activator of interferons

TRAM:

Toll-receptor-associated molecule

VSG:

Variant-specific surface glycoproteins

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Acknowledgments

Supported by awards NS 35974, AI 59703 and 1P01AI057986 from the National Institutes of Health.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249-1644, USA

    Bibhuti B. Mishra, Uma Mahesh Gundra & Judy M. Teale

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  1. Bibhuti B. Mishra
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  2. Uma Mahesh Gundra
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  3. Judy M. Teale
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Correspondence to Judy M. Teale .

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  1. Dept. Pathology & Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, S. 42nd St. 600 , Omaha, 68198-3135, U.S.A.

    Tammy Kielian

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Mishra, B.B., Gundra, U.M., Teale, J.M. (2009). Toll-Like Receptors in CNS Parasitic Infections. In: Kielian, T. (eds) Toll-like Receptors: Roles in Infection and Neuropathology. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 336. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00549-7_5

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