Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

From 3D Mesh Data Hiding to 3D Shape Blind and Robust Watermarking: A Survey

  • Chapter
Book cover Transactions on Data Hiding and Multimedia Security II

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((TDHMS,volume 4499))

Abstract

The need for secure communication of high value 3D virtual objects is becoming very important as a consequence of an increasing activity in simulation, entertainment, industrial design and cultural heritage. Secure communications of intangibles rely on cryptography and on watermarking of the transmitted objects to protect them against modifications (authentication watermarks) and redistributions (tracing forensic watermarks). While watermarking of image, audio and video is reaching maturity, 3D watermarking is still a technology in its infancy. Up to now, 3D watermarking has mainly focused on triangle meshes which are the most used digital representations of the shape of a 3D model. We show in this paper how recent signal processing techniques applied to meshes pave the way towards blind and robust watermarking of 3D shapes. We propose a survey of existing techniques and discuss their robustness, imperceptibility, capacity and security constraints.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Alliez, P., Gotsman, C.: Recent advances in compression of 3D meshes. In: Dogson, N.A., Floater, M.S., Sabin, M.A. (eds.) Advances in Multiresolution for Geometric Modelling, pp. 3–26. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Alliez, P., et al.: Recent Advances in Remeshing of Surfaces. In: De Floriani, L., Spagnuolo, M. (eds.) Shape Analysis and Structuring, Springer, Heidelberg (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ben-Chen, M., Gotsman, C.: On the optimality of spectral compression of mesh data. ACM Transactions on Graphics 24(1), 60–80 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Benedens, O.: Geometry-based watermarking of 3D models. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 19(1), 46–55 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Benedens, O.: Two high capacity methods for embedding public watermarks into 3D polygonal models. In: Proceedings of ACM Multimedia, pp. 95–99 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Benedens, O., Bush, C.: Towards Blind Detection of Robust Watermarks. Computer Graphics Forum 19(3), 199–209 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Benedens, O.: Robust Watermarking and Affine Registration of 3D Meshes. In: Proc. of 5th International Workshop on Information Hiding, NoordWijkerhout, Netherlands, October 7-9, 2002, pp. 177–195 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Benedens, O.: 3D Watermarking Algorithms in Context of OpenSG Plus. Technical Report 02i002-figd (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Benedens, O., Dittman, J., Petitcolas, F.A.P.: 3D Watermarking Design Evaluation. Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents V. In: Delp, E.J., Wong, P.W. (eds.) Proc. of SPIE-IS&T Electronic Imaging. SPIE, vol. 5020, pp. 337–348 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bennour, J., Dugelay, J.-L.: Protection of 3D object through silhouette watermarking. In: ICASSP 2006, 31st International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Toulouse, France, May 14-19 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Cayre, F., Macq, B.: Data Hiding on 3D Triangle Meshes. IEEE Trans. on Signal Proc. 51, 939–949 (2003)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  12. Cayre, F., et al.: Application of Spectral Decomposition to Compression and Watermarking of 3D Triangle Mesh Geometry. Signal Processing: Image Communications 18(4), 309–319 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Cayre, F., et al.: Watermarking 3D Triangle Meshes for Authentication and Integrity. INRIA Research Report RR-5223 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Cignoni, P., Rocchini, C., Scopigno, R.: Metro: measuring error on simplified surfaces. Computer Graphics Forum 17(2), 167–174 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Corsini, M., Gelasca, E.D., Ebrahimi, T.: A multi-scale roughness metric for 3D watermarking quality assessment. In: Workshop on Image Analysis for Multimedia Interactive Services, Montreux, Switzerland, April 13-15 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Cotting, D., et al.: Robust watermarking of point-sampled geometry. In: Proc. of The International Conference on Shape Modeling and Applications, pp. 233–242 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Cox, I., Bloom, J., Miller, M.: Digital Watermarking, Principles & Practice. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Cho, J.W., et al.: Robust watermarking on polygonal meshes using distribution of vertex norms. In: Cox, I., Kalker, T., Lee, H.-K. (eds.) IWDW 2004. LNCS, vol. 3304, pp. 283–293. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Denis, F., et al.: Digital Watermarking of Compressed 3D Meshes. In: Int. Conf. on Machine Intelligence, Tozeur, Tunisia, November 5-7 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Elad, A., Kimmel, R.: On Bending Invariant Signatures for Surfaces. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 25(10), 1285–1295 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Foley, J., et al.: Computer Graphics: Principle and Practice. Addison Wesley, Reading (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Garcia, E., Dugelay, J.-L.: Texture-based watermarking of 3D video objects. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Techn. 13(8), 853–866 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Garland, M., Heckbert, P.S.: Surface simplification using quadric error metrics. In: Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH, pp. 209–216 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Guskov, I., Sweldens, W., Schroder, P.: Multiresolution signal processing for meshes. In: Proceedings ACM SIGGRAPH, pp. 325–334 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Harte, T., Bors, A.: Watermarking 3D models. In: Proc. of Int. Conf. on Image Proc (ICIP), Rochester, NY, USA (Sep. 2002)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Hoppe, H.: Progressive meshes. In: Proc. of Computer Graphics SIGGRAPH, pp. 99–108 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Kanai, S., Date, D., Kishinami, T.: Digital watermarking for 3d p olygon using multiresolution wavelet decomposition. In: Proc. Sixth IFIP WG 5.2 GEO-6, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 296–307 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Karni, Z., Gotsman, C.: Spectral compression of mesh geometry. In: Proceedings ACM SIGGRAPH, pp. 279–286 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Kim, M.-S., et al.: Watermarking of 3D Irregular Meshes Based on Wavelet Multiresolution Analysis. In: Barni, M., et al. (eds.) IWDW 2005. LNCS, vol. 3710, pp. 313–324. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  30. Jin, J.Q., et al.: Watermarking on 3D mesh based on spherical wavelet transform. SCI 5(3), 251–258 (2004)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  31. Lee, J.J., Cho, N.I., Kim, J.W.: Watermarking for 3D NURBS graphic data. In: IEEE Int. Workshop on MMSP02, pp. 304–307 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Lounsbery, M., DeRose, T.D., Warren, J.: Multiresolution analysis for surfaces of arbitrary topological type. ACM Transactions on Graphics 16, 34–73 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Nikolaidis, A., et al.: A Survey on Watermarking Application Scenarios and Related Attacks. In: Proc. of International Conference of Image Processing, vol. 3, pp. 991–994 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Nielson, G., Foley, T.: A Survey of Applications of an Affine Invariant Norm. In: Mathematical Methods in Computer Aided Geometric Design, pp. 445–467. Academic Press, Boston (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Ohbuchi, R., Masuda, H., Aono, M.: Watermarking Three-Dimensional Polygonal Models Through Geometric and Topological Modifications. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 16(4), 551–560 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Ohbuchi, R., Masuda, H., Aono, M.: A Shape-Preserving Data Embedding Algorithm for NURBS Curves and Surfaces. In: Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Computer Graphics, June 7-11, 1999, pp. 180–184 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Ohbuchi, R., Mukaiyama, A., Takahashi, S.: A Frequency-Domain Approach to Watermarking 3D Shapes. Computer Graphics Forum 21(3), 373–382 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Page, D.L., et al.: Shape Analysis Algorithm Based on Information Theory. In: Proc. of Int. Conf. on Image Processing, vol. 1, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 229–232 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Praun, E., Hoppe, H., Finkelstein, A.: Robust mesh watermarking. In: Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, pp. 49–56 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Prattichizzo, D., et al.: Perceptibility of Haptic Digital Watermarking of Virtual Textures. In: WHC, pp. 52–66 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Rondao Alface, P., Macq, B.: Blind Watermarking of 3D Meshes Using Robust Feature Points Detection. In: International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP05), vol. 1, Genova, Italy, 11-14 September 2005, pp. 693–696 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Rondao Alface, P., Macq, B.: Shape Quality Measurement for 3D Watermarking Schemes. In: Electronic Imaging, Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents VIII, San Jose, California, 15-19 Jan. 2006. Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 6072 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Schroder, P., Sweldens, W.: Spherical Wavelets: Efficiently Representing Functions on the Sphere. In: Proc. of SIGGRAPH, pp. 161–172 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Surazhsky, V., Gotsman, C.: Explicit Surface Remeshing. In: Proc. of the EUROGRAPHICS/ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Geometry Processing, pp. 20–30. ACM Press, New York (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  45. Taubin, G.: A signal processing approach to fair surface design. Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH 1995) 29, 351–358 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Uccheddu, F., Corsini, M., Barni, M.: Wavelet-based blind watermarking of 3D models. In: Proc. of the 2004 Workshop on Multimedia and Security, Magdeburg, Germany, pp. 143–154 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  47. Valette, S., et al.: A multiresolution wavelet scheme for irregularly subdivided 3D triangular mesh. In: IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing, vol. 1, Kobe, Japan, pp. 171–174 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Valette, S., Prost, R.: Multiresolution analysis of irregular surface meshes. IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graphics 10, 113–122 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Voloshynovskiy, S., et al.: Attack modelling: towards a second generation watermarking benchmark. Signal Processing 81, 1177–1214 (2001)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  50. Wagner, M.: Robust Watermarking of polygonal meshes. In: Proc. of Geom. Mod. & Proc., pp. 201–208 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  51. Yeo, B.-L., Yeung, M.M.: Watermarking 3D Objects for Verification. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 19(1), 36–45 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Yin, K., et al.: Robust mesh watermarking based on multi-resolution processing. Computers and Graphics 25, 409–420 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Yu, Z., Ip, H.H.S., Kwok, L.F.: A robust watermarking scheme for 3D triangular mesh models. Pattern Recognition 36(11), 2603–2614 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Wang, C.M., Cheng, Y.M.: An Efficient Information Hiding Algorithm for Polygon Models. Computer Graphics Forum 24(3), 591–600 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Wood, Z., et al.: Removing excess topology from isosurfaces. ACM Trans. on Graphics 23(2), 190–208 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Wu, J., Kobbelt, L.: Efficient Spectral Watermarking of Large Meshes with Orthogonal Basis Functions. The Visual Computers (Pacific Graphics 2005 Proceedings) 21(8-10), 848–857 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Zafeiriou, S., Tefas, A., Pitas, I.: Blind Robust Watermarking Schemes for Copyright Protection of 3D Mesh Objects. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 11(5), 596–607 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Zhang, H.: Discrete Combinatorial Laplacian Operators for Digital Geometry Processing. In: Proc. of SIAM Conference on Geometric Design and Computing, pp. 575–592 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  59. Zhou, L., Pang, A.: Metrics and Visualization Tools for Surface Mesh Comparison. In: Conference on Visual Data Exploration and Analysis. Proc. of SPIE, vol. 4302, pp. 99–110 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Université catholique de Louvain, Communications and Remote Sensing Lab., Place du Levant 2, B-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium

    Patrice Rondao Alface & Benoit Macq

Authors
  1. Patrice Rondao Alface
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Benoit Macq
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Yun Q. Shi

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Alface, P.R., Macq, B. (2007). From 3D Mesh Data Hiding to 3D Shape Blind and Robust Watermarking: A Survey. In: Shi, Y.Q. (eds) Transactions on Data Hiding and Multimedia Security II. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 4499. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73092-7_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73092-7_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-73091-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-73092-7

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation