Abstract
The primary objective of a knowledge-based system (KBS) is to use stored knowledge to provide support for decision-making activities. Empirical studies identify improvements in decision processes and outcomes with the use of such knowledge-based systems. This research suggests that though a KBS is primarily developed to help users in their decisionmaking activities, as an unintentional consequence it may induce them to implicitly learn more about a problem. Implicit learning occurs when a person learns unconsciously or unintentionally, without being explicitly instructed or tutored. To test these ideas, a laboratory- based experiment was conducted with a KBS that could provide support for datamodeling activities. Results indicated support for implicit learning because subjects who interacted with the KBS exhibited better knowledge on data-modeling concepts. Two versions of the KBS were tested, one with a restrictive interface and the other with a guidance interface, and both versions of the interface supported implicit learning. Implications for future research on the design and development of KBSs are proposed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alavi, M. and D. Leidner, “Knowledge Management Systems: Issues, Challenges, and Benefits,” Commun Assoc Inform Syst, 1(7), 1999, 1-36.
Anderson, J.R., “A Theory of the Origins of Human Knowledge,” Artif Intell, 40(1), 1989, 313-351.
Anderson, J.R., C.F. Bole and B.J. Reiser, “Intelligent Tutoring Systems,” Science, 22(8), 1985, 456-462.
Anderson, J.R. and J.M. Finchman, “Acquisition of Skills From Examples,” J Exp Psychol Learn, 20(6),1994, 1322-1340.
Anderson, J.R. and C. Lebiere, “Learning,” in Anderson, J.R. and Lebiere, C. (eds.), Atomic Components of Thought. New York, NY: Lea, 1998.
Antony, S.R. and D. Batra, “CODASYS: A Consulting Tool for Novice Database Designers,” Data Base Adv Inf Syst, 33(3), 2002, 5-69.
Batini, C., S. Ceri and S. B. Navathe, Conceptual Database Design: An Entity-Relationship Approach. Redwood City, CA: Benjamin Cummings, 1992.
Berry, D.C. and D.E. Broadbent, “On the Relationship between Task Performance and Associated Verbalizable Knowledge,” Quart J Expl Psychol, 36(A), 1984, 209-231.
Berry, D.C. and Z. Dienes, Implicit Learning : Theoretical and empirical issues. East Sussex, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1993.
Bhatt, G.D. and J. Zaveri, “The Enabling Role of Decision Support Systems in Organizational Learning,” Decis Support Syst, 32(3), 2002, 297-309.
Breakwell, G.M., S. Hammond and C. Fife-Shaw, Research Methods in Psychology. London: Sage, 1993.
Bright, J.E.H. and A.M. Burton, “Ringing in the Changes: Where Abstraction Occurs in Implicit Learning,” Eur J Cog Psychol, 10(2), 1998, 113-130.
Curran, T. and S.W. Keel, “Attentional and Non-Attentional Forms of Sequence Learning,” J Exp Psychol Learn, 19(1), 1993, 189-202.
DeShon, R.P. and R.A. Alexander, “Goal setting effects on Implicit and Explicit Learning of Complex tasks,” Organ Behav Hum Dec, 65(1), 1996, 18-36.
Dhaliwal, J.S. and I. Benbasat, “The Use and Effects of Knowledge-based System Explanations: Theoretical Foundations and a Framework for Empirical Evaluation,” Inform Syst Res, 7(3), 1996, 342-362.
Elam, J., G. Huber and M. Hurt, “An Examination of the DSS Literature (1975-1985) in Decision Support Systems,” in McLean, E.R. and Sol, H.G. (eds.), A Decade in Perspective, Proceedings of the IFIP Conference. New York, NY: Elsevier, 1996.
Fedorowicz, J., E. Oz and P.D. Berger, “A Learning Curve Analysis of Expert System Use,” Decis Sci , 23(4), 1992, 797-818.
Finlay, P.N. and A.C. Mitchell, “Perceptions on the benefits from introduction of CASE: An Empirical Study,” MIS Quart, 18(4), 1994, 353-370.
Goul, M., J.C. Henderson and F.M. Tonge, “The Emergence of Artificial Intelligence as a Reference Discipline for Decision Support Research,” Decis Sci, 23(6), 1992, 1263-1274.
Holyaok, K.J. and B.A. Spellman, “Thinking,” Annu Rev Psychol, 44(2), 1993, 265-315.
Holsapple, C.W., Handbook on Knowledge Management. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 2003.
Holsapple, C.W. and A.B. Whinston, Decision Support Systems: A Knowledge-Based Approach. St. Paul, MN: West, 1996.
Jankowski, D., “How Can CASE Help? A Look at the Feasibility of Structured Analysis with CASE,” Data Base Adv Inf Syst, 28 (4), 1997, 33-47.
Keen, P.G.W. and M.S. Scott-Morton, Decision Support Systems: An Organizational Perspective. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1978.
Kim, S. and B. Arinze, “A Knowledge-Based Decision Support System for Set-Up Reduction,” Decis Sci, 23(6), 1992, 1389-1407.
Limayen, M. and G. DeSanctis, “Providing Decisional Guidance for Multi-Criteria Decision-Making in Groups,” Inform Syst Rese, 11(4), 2000, 386-401.
Lo, A.W. and J. Choobineh, “Knowledge-Based Systems as Database Design Tools: A Comparative Study,” J Data Manage, 10(3), 1999, 26-40.
Moffitt, K., “An Analysis of Pedagogical Effects of Expert System Use in the Classroom,” Decis Sci, 25(3), 1994, 445-457.
Montazemi, A.R., F. Wang, S.M.K. Nainar and C. K. Bart, “On the Effectiveness of Decision Guidance,” Decis Support Syst, 18 (2), 1996, 181-198.
Norman, D.A., The design of everyday things. New York, NY: Basic Boosk, 1998.
Parikh, M., B. Fazlollahi and S. Verma, “The Effectiveness of Decisional Guidance: An Empirical Evaluation,” Decis Sci, 32(2), 2001, 303-331.
Paul, A.M., “Learning but not trying,” Psychol Today, 30(5), 1997, 14.
Prabhu, P.V. and G.V. Prabhu, “Human Error and User Interface Design,” in Helander, M., Landauer, T.K. and Prabhu, P. (eds.), Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction. New York, NY: Elsevier Sciences, 1997.
Purao, S., “APSARA: A Tool to Automate System Design via Intelligent Pattern Retrieval and Synthesis,” Data Base, 29(4), 1999, 45-47.
Reber, A.S., Implicit Learning and Tacit Knowledge: An Essay in the Cognitive Unconscious. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Santhanam, R. and J. Elam, “A Survey of Knowledge-Based Systems Research in Decision Sciences (1980-1995),” J Oper Res, 49(5), 1998, 445-457.
Sharada, R., S.H. Barr and J.C. McDonald, “Decision Support System Effectiveness: A Review and Empirical Test,” Managet Sci, 34 (1), 1998, 139-149.
Schneiderman, B., Designing the user interface : strategies for effective human-computer interaction. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley Longman Boston, USA, 1992.
Silver, M.S., “Decision Support Systems: Directed and Non-Directed Change,” Inform Syst Res, 1(1), 1990, 47-70.
Silver, M.S., “Decisional Guidance: Broadening the Scope in Human-Computer Interaction,” in Galletta, D. and Zhang, P. (eds.), Human-Computer Interaction and Management Information Systems, Advances in Management Information Systems, Volume 4. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2006.
Silver, M.S., “Decisional Guidance for Computer-Based Decision Support,” MIS Quart, 15(1) 1991, 105-122.
Silver, M.S., Systems that Support Decision Makers: Description and Analysis. Chichester, UK: John Wiley, 1991.
Singh, D.T., “Incorporating Cognitive Aids into Decision Support Systems: The Case of the Strategy Execution Progress,” Decis Support Syst, 24(2), 1998, 145-163.
Storey, V.C. and R.C. Goldstein, “Knowledge-Based Approaches to Database Design,” MIS Quart, 17(1), 1993, 25-46.
Todd, P. and I. Benbasat, “An Experimental Investigation of the Impact of Computer-Based Decision Aids on Decision-Making Strategies,” Inform Syst Res, 2(2), 1991, 87-115.
Vessey, I., S.L. Jarvenpaa and N. Tractinsky, “Evaluation Of Vendor Products: Case Tools as Methodology Companions,” Commun ACM, 35(4), (1992), 90-105.
Wheeler, B.C. and J.S. Valacich, “Facilitation, GSS, and Training as Sources of Process restrictiveness and Guidance for Structured Group Decision – Making: An Empirical Assessment,” Information Systems Research, 7(4), 1996, 429-450.
Wilson, E.V. and I. Zigurs, “Decisional Guidance and End-User Display Choices,” Inform Org, 9(1), 1999, 49-75.
Wong, M.K. and J.A. Monaco, “Expert System Applications in Business: A Preview and Analysis of the Literature (1977-1993),” Inform Manage, 29(1), 1995, 141-152.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Antony, S., Santhanam, R. (2008). Could the Use of a Knowledge-Based System Lead to Implicit Learning?. In: Handbook on Decision Support Systems 1. International Handbooks Information System. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48713-5_35
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48713-5_35
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-48712-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-48713-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)