Abstract
Peptides have been used as drugs to treat various health conditions, and they are also being developed as diagnostic agents. Due to their receptor selectivity, peptides have recently been utilized for drug delivery to target drug molecules to specific types of cells (i.e. cancer cells, immune cells) to lower the side effects of the drugs. In this case, the drug is conjugated to the carrier peptide for directing the drug to the target cells (e.g. cancer cells) with higher expression of a specific receptor that recognizes the carrier peptide. As a result, the drug is directed to the target diseased cells without affecting the normal cells. Peptides are also being developed for improving drug delivery through the intestinal mucosa barrier (IMB) and the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These peptides were derived from intercellular junction proteins such as occludins, claudins, and cadherins and improve drug delivery through the IMB and BBB via the paracellular pathways. It is hypothesized that the peptides modulate protein-protein interactions in the intercellular junctions of the IMB and BBB to increase the porosity of paracellular pathways of the barriers. These modulator peptides have been shown to enhance brain delivery of small molecules and medium-sized peptides as well as a large protein such as 65 kDa albumin. In the future, this method has the potential to improve oral and brain delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic peptides and proteins.
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Abbreviations
- AJ:
-
adherens junction
- ANG:
-
angiopep
- APaseP:
-
aminopeptidase P
- APP:
-
amyloid precursor protein
- BBB:
-
blood brain barrier
- BBMEC:
-
bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells
- CAD:
-
cis–asconitic anhydride–DOX
- C–CPE:
-
clostridium perfringens enterotoxin
- CNS:
-
central nervous systems
- CPP:
-
cell penetrating peptide
- CPT:
-
camptothecin
- DOX:
-
doxorubicin
- DSDS:
-
drug self-delivery system
- DSPE-PEG:
-
1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-methoxy-(polyethylene glycol)
- EC-1:
-
extracellular domain-1
- ECM:
-
extracellular matrix
- EGF:
-
epidermal growth factor
- EGRF:
-
epidermal growth factor receptor
- EGTA:
-
ethyleneglycol-bis-(β-aminoethyl ether)-N, N′-tetraacetic acid
- ERK:
-
extracellular signal-regulated kinases
- FACS:
-
fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- FDA:
-
Food and Drug Administration
- FITC:
-
fluorescein isothiocyanate
- GABA:
-
γ-aminobutyric acid
- Gd-DTPA:
-
gadopentetic acid
- GIP:
-
glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide
- GLP-1:
-
glucagon-like peptide-1
- GMB:
-
glioblastoma multiforme
- GnRH :
-
gonadotrophin-releasing hormone
- HEK:
-
human embryonic kidney cells
- HIV-1:
-
human immunodeficiency virus 1
- HPMA:
-
(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide
- ICAM-1:
-
intercellular adhesion molecule-1
- IMB:
-
intestinal mucosa barrier
- JAM:
-
junction adhesion molecules
- LFA-1:
-
lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1
- LHRH:
-
luteinizing hormone-releasing hormones
- LRP-1:
-
lipoprotein-related protein 1
- MDCK:
-
Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Epithelial Cells
- MDR1:
-
multi drug resistance-1
- MEK:
-
mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MMAF:
-
monomethyl auristatin F
- MMPs:
-
matrix metalloproteinases
- MRI:
-
magnetic resonance imaging
- NB:
-
nanobubbles
- NLS:
-
nuclear localization signal
- NMR:
-
nuclear magnetic resonance
- NRP-1:
-
neuropilin-1
- OCT:
-
octreotide
- ODN :
-
octadecanol
- OVCAR-3:
-
ovarian cancer cell-3
- PAMAM-PAsp-PEG:
-
poly(amidoamine)-b-poly(aspartic acid)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)
- pAntp:
-
antennapedia homeodomain protein of Drosophila
- PEG:
-
polyethylene glycol
- PET:
-
positron emission tomography
- pHLIP:
-
pH low insertion peptide
- PI3K:
-
phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PTX:
-
paclitaxel
- RES :
-
reticuloendothelial system
- RGD:
-
Arg-Gly-Asp
- SA:
-
stearylamine
- SCCHN:
-
squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck
- SI :
-
secretase inhibitor
- siRNA:
-
small interfering RNA
- STTR:
-
somatostatin receptors
- TAMRA:
-
tetramethylrhodamine
- TAT:
-
trans-activating transcriptional activator
- TEER:
-
trans-epithelial electrical resistance
- TfR:
-
transferrin receptor
- TJ:
-
tight junction
- TPP :
-
triphenylphosphonium
- ZO:
-
zonula occludin
- Zot :
-
zonula occludens toxin
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH) for funding our research with R01-NS075374 grant. M.E.G.M thanks the NIH for NIH for an IRACDA postdoctoral fellowship (5K12GM063651). We would like to thank Nancy Harmony for proofreading this manuscript.
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Ulapane, K.R., Kopec, B.M., Moral, M.E.G., Siahaan, T.J. (2017). Peptides and Drug Delivery. In: Sunna, A., Care, A., Bergquist, P. (eds) Peptides and Peptide-based Biomaterials and their Biomedical Applications. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1030. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66095-0_8
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