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Neural Network Reconfigurations: Changes of the Respiratory Network by Hypoxia as an Example

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The Plastic Brain

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1015))

Abstract

Neural networks, including the respiratory network, can undergo a reconfiguration process by just changing the number, the connectivity or the activity of their elements. Those elements can be either brain regions or neurons, which constitute the building blocks of macrocircuits and microcircuits, respectively. The reconfiguration processes can also involve changes in the number of connections and/or the strength between the elements of the network. These changes allow neural networks to acquire different topologies to perform a variety of functions or change their responses as a consequence of physiological or pathological conditions. Thus, neural networks are not hardwired entities, but they constitute flexible circuits that can be constantly reconfigured in response to a variety of stimuli. Here, we are going to review several examples of these processes with special emphasis on the reconfiguration of the respiratory rhythm generator in response to different patterns of hypoxia, which can lead to changes in respiratory patterns or lasting changes in frequency and/or amplitude.

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Abbreviations

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

CNS:

Central nervous system

D1/D2:

Dopamine receptors

EEG:

Electroencephalography

E:

Expiratory

FFA:

Flufenamic acid

fMRI:

Functional Magnetic resonance imaging

I:

Inspiratory

ICAN :

Ca2+-activated cationic current

INaP :

Persistent Na+ current

LTF:

Long-term facilitation

MEA:

Multielectrode array

NTS :

Nucleus tractus solitarius

PI:

Postinspiratory

preBötC:

Pre-Bötzinger complex

RVLM:

Rostral ventrolateral medulla

STP:

Short-term potentiation

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Dorothy Pless and Jessica González for editorial comments. This study was supported by Fundación Marcos Moshinsky, CONACyT Grants 117, 151261, 235789, 24688 and 181323; and by DGAPA-UNAM Grants IN200715.

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  1. Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM-Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, 76230, Mexico

    Fernando Peña-Ortega

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  1. Fernando Peña-Ortega
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Correspondence to Fernando Peña-Ortega .

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  1. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Rommy von Bernhardi

  2. Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Jaime Eugenín

  3. University of Miami, Miami, USA

    Kenneth J Muller

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Peña-Ortega, F. (2017). Neural Network Reconfigurations: Changes of the Respiratory Network by Hypoxia as an Example. In: von Bernhardi, R., Eugenín, J., Muller, K. (eds) The Plastic Brain. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1015. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62817-2_12

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