Abstract
The main focus of the study was to help in the application of the gravity-driven regional groundwater flow (GDRGF) concept for the evaluation of groundwater flow circulation in unconfined and confined sub-basins of carbonates. The concerns of the applicability of GDRGF could be released with focusing not on an individual aquifer but on a carbonate basin and interpret its heterogeneities based on the principle of hydraulic continuity. The approach and the application were demonstrated on the example of the Buda Thermal Karst (BTK), Transdanubian Range (TR), Hungary. The hydraulic connectivity of the system was proved based on the experiences of a long-term “pumping test” for the NE part of the TR. The intense connectivity of thick carbonates could be explained by the higher hydraulic diffusivity compared to siliciclastic regions. The original (before intense water production) spring data of the BTK were grouped based on the results of statistical analysis, and their critical parameters (chloride content, temperature and volume discharge) were displayed in the function of the discharge elevation and grouping of springs. In addition, a 2D flow and heat transport simulation were carried out by EPM approach based on topographic, hydrostratigraphic and structural settings of the BTK (Southern system). Based on the results, the location and chemical and temperature character of one-component thermal springs of the Southern system of BTK could be explained. The thermal springs receive water from regional flow system with additional basinal fluid contribution from the confining Paleogene and Neogene siliciclastic sediments of Pest side. In addition, heat accumulation under the Pest side of BTK also could be revealed. This approach can be used for the understanding of GDRGF of carbonate regions on all over the world.
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Hungarian Scientific Research Found (NK 101356) regarding those findings related to the Buda Thermal Karst. Access to the COMSOL Multiphysics software was given by Attila Galsa and the Department of Geophysics and Space Science at Eötvös Loránd University.
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Mádl-Szőnyi, J., Tóth, Á. (2017). Topographically Driven Fluid Flow at the Boundary of Confined and Unconfined Sub-basins of Carbonates: Basic Pattern and Evaluation Approach on the Example of Buda Thermal Karst. In: Renard, P., Bertrand, C. (eds) EuroKarst 2016, Neuchâtel. Advances in Karst Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45465-8_10
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