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Internal Annular Flow Condensation and Flow Boiling: Context, Results, and Recommendations

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Handbook of Thermal Science and Engineering

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Abstract

This chapter reviews in-tube boiling and condensing flows, a subset of the area of phase-change heat transfer, with emphasis on their annular regime realizations in innovative devices. This review, in the light of numerous and excellent existing books and reviews, is also relevant because of recently reported experimental and technological approaches that make it feasible for annular/stratified regimes to cover the entire lengths of millimeter-scale flow-boilers and flow-condensers. The review chapter’s content also relates to new ways of addressing challenges that have emerged in the area of high heat-flux (500–1000 W/cm2 or greater) cooling of data centers, super computers, laser weapons, and other devices. The chapter summarizes current knowledge base and provides a design example each for steady annular operations of flow-boilers and flow-condensers. Furthermore, the chapter deals with some recent breakthroughs in the simulation of annular boiling/condensing flows and how such approaches can be extended – in conjunction with well-planned and parallel experiments – to further develop the science and innovative applications associated with steady or pulsatile operations of annular flow-boilers and flow-condensers.

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Abbreviations

A:

Cross-sectional area (m2)

Bl:

Boiling number \( \left({\overline{\mathrm{q}}}_{\mathrm{w}}^{"}/\mathrm{G}{\mathrm{h}}_{\mathrm{fg}}\right) \)

\( \tilde{\mathrm{Bl}} \) :

Alternate boiling number \( \left({\mathrm{q}}_{\mathrm{w}}^{"}\cdot {\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{h}}/\left({\upmu}_{\mathrm{L}}\cdot {\mathrm{h}}_{\mathrm{fg}}\right)\right) \)

Bo:

Bond number (g(ρL − ρV)D2/σ)

C:

Lockhart-Martinelli constant

Cp:

Specific heat (J/kg-K)

CHF:

Critical heat-flux

Dh:

Hydraulic diameter (m)

f:

Friction factor

frP:

Heated perimeter fraction (PH/PF)

Frx:

Froude number in x-direction (|gx| Dh/U2)

Fry:

Froude number in y-direction (|gy| Dh/U2)

G:

Mass flux (kg/m2s)

gx:

Gravity component in x-direction (m/s2)

gy:

Gravity component in y-direction (m/s2)

h:

Height of the channel (m)

hfg:

Heat of vaporization (J/kg)

Ja:

Liquid Jakob number (CpLΔT/hfg)

k:

Conductivity (W/m-K)

L:

Length of the channel or test section (m)

\( {\dot{\mathrm{M}}}_{\mathrm{in}} \) :

Total mass flow rate (kg/m2-s)

\( {\dot{\mathrm{M}}}_{\mathrm{L}} \) :

Liquid mass flow rate (kg/m2-s)

\( {\dot{\mathrm{M}}}_{\mathrm{v}} \) :

Vapor mass flow rate (kg/m2-s)

p0 or pin:

Steady inlet pressure (also pin) (kPa)

P:

Mechanical power (W)

PrL:

Liquid Prandtl number (μLCpL/kL)

\( {\overline{\mathrm{q}}}_{\mathrm{w}}^{"} \) :

Mean wall heat-flux (W/m2)

ReT:

Reynolds number representing nondimensional (GDh/μV)

S:

Suppression factor

Su:

Suratman number (\( \upsigma {\uprho}_{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{h}}/{\upmu}_{\mathrm{V}}^2 \))

t:

Time

\( {\overline{\mathrm{T}}}_{\mathrm{w}} \) :

Mean wall temperature (°C)

Tsat(p0):

Saturation temperature at pressure p0 (°C)

u:

Velocity (m/s)

We:

Liquid Weber number (ρLU2Dh/σ)

X:

Vapor quality

\( \widehat{\mathrm{x}} \) :

Nondimensional distance (≡x/Dh)

xA:

Nondimensional length of the annular regime

Xtt:

Lockhart-Martinelli parameter

μ:

Viscosity (kg/m-s)

ρ:

Density (kg/m3)

ϵ:

Void fraction

Φg:

Two-phase multiplier

σ:

Surface tension (kg/s2)

Δ:

Physical value of liquid film thickness (m)

Ψq:

Nondimensional heat-flux

θw:

Nondimensional temperature

cb:

Represents macroscale convective boiling

CHF1:

Represents dry-out instability

CHF2:

Represents inverted annular flow related instability

cr:

Represents “critical value”

L:

Represents liquid phase of the flow variable

nb:

Represents macro-scale nucleate boiling

V:

Represents vapor phase of the flow variable

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Acknowledgment

This work was supported by NSF grant CBET-1402702. All figures, which are schematics in their nature, are contributions of Mr. Patcharapol Gorgitrattanagul, a graduate student at MTU.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA

    Amitabh Narain, Hrishikesh Prasad Ranga Prasad & Aliihsan Koca

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  1. Amitabh Narain
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  2. Hrishikesh Prasad Ranga Prasad
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  3. Aliihsan Koca
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Correspondence to Amitabh Narain .

Section Editor information

  1. Armour College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Sumanta Acharya

  2. Gas Technology Institute, Des Plaines, Illinois, USA

    Yaroslav Chudnovsky

  3. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Renato Machado Cotta

  4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA

    Ram Devireddy

  5. Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Vijay K. Dhir

  6. Cekmeköy Campus, Özyegin University, Çekmeköy - Istanbul, Turkey

    M. Pinar Mengüç

  7. Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science + Engineering, University of Toronto, Centre for Advanced Coating Technologies, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Javad Mostaghimi

  8. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California, USA

    Kambiz Vafai

  9. Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Vijay K. Dhir

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Narain, A., Ranga Prasad, H.P., Koca, A. (2018). Internal Annular Flow Condensation and Flow Boiling: Context, Results, and Recommendations. In: Handbook of Thermal Science and Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26695-4_51

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