Abstract
Although drugs that enhance the cognition of ‘healthy’ individuals (e.g. methylphenidate and modafinil) have received attention from ethicists and philosophers, little research has focused on the concrete opportunities they present for particular groups in society. Recent policy discussion has gone as far as suggesting there may be a moral obligation for individuals in high-risk professions (e.g. surgeons, pilots) to take enhancers. This chapter outlines a theoretical framework and methodology for investigating the claims that some professionals: (a) might have a responsibility to enhance and (b) might acquire more responsibilities once enhanced. Our methodology is interdisciplinary—as we examine normative hypotheses alongside psychological data and legal precedent—and practice-oriented—as we ultimately aim to make recommendations for policy and the professionals within its remit. Philosophical analysis exposes the conceptual and normative questions involved in a discussion of enhancement in professional contexts, offering and refining definitions of concepts (capacity, responsibility) and theory about their relationship. Psychological inquiry uses surveys and experimental methods to collect data from lay people and professionals on attitudes and responsibility attributions associated with enhancement. Legal analysis examines the conditions under which professional duties to enhance might emerge and how the law might impose or limit liability.
We thank Nicole Vincent and an anonymous reviewer for comments on earlier drafts of this paper.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Relatedly, see Barrett v Ministry of Defence [1995] 3 All ER 87 (CA); Sutradhar v Natural Environment Research Council [2006] UKHL 33; [2006] 4 All ER 490 (HL).
- 2.
- 3.
Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 1 W.L.R. 582.
- 4.
Ibid, at 587.
- 5.
Bolitho v City and Hackney Health Authority [1998] AC 232.
- 6.
The following two cases are cited in Greenburg (2009).
- 7.
Helling v Carey (519 P.2d 981 [Wash. 1974]).
- 8.
Washington v. Washington Hospital Center, 579 A.2d 177 (D.C. Cir 1990).
References
Bell, S., B. Partridge, J. Lucke, and W. Hall. 2013. Australian university students’ attitudes towards the acceptability and regulation of pharmaceuticals to improve academic performance. Neuroethics 6: 197–205.
Caviola, L., A. Mannino, J. Savulescu, and N. Faulmüller. 2014. Cognitive biases can affect moral intuitions about cognitive enhancement. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 8: 195.
Faber, N.S., T. Douglas, F. Heise, and M. Hewstone. 2015. Cognitive Enhancement and Motivation Enhancement - An Empirical Comparison of Intuitive Judgments. AJOB Neuroscience 13: 18–20.
Faulmüller, N., H. Maslen, and F. Santoni de Sio. 2013. The indirect psychological costs of cognitive enhancement. The American Journal of Bioethics 13: 45–47.
Forlini, C., and C. Racine. 2012. Stakeholder perspectives and reactions to “academic” cognitive enhancement: Unsuspected meaning of ambivalence and analogies. Public Understanding of Science 21: 606–625.
Goold, I., and H. Maslen. 2014a. Obliging surgeons to enhance: Negligence liability for uncorrected fatigue and the problem of causation. Medical Law Review Online First.
Goold, I., and H. Maslen. 2014b. Must the surgeon take the pill? Negligence duty in the context of cognitive enhancement. The Modern Law Review 77(1): 60–86.
Greenburg, M.D. 2009. Medical malpractice and new devices: Defining an elusive standard of care. Health Matrix 19: 423–445.
Husain, M., and M.A. Mehta. 2011. Cognitive enhancement by drugs in health and disease. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 15(1): 28–36.
Koops, B.J. 2015. The concepts, approaches, and applications of responsible innovation; An introduction. In Responsible innovation, vol. 2, ed. B.J. Koops, et al. Dordrecht: Springer.
Malle, B.F., J. Knobe, and S. Nelson. 2007. Actor-observer asymmetries in explanations of behavior: New answers to an old question. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 93: 491–514.
Maslen, H., N. Faulmüller, and J. Savulescu. 2014. Pharmacological cognitive enhancement—How neuroscientific research could advance ethical debate. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 8: 107.
Queensland Government. 2009. Fatigue Risk Management System Resource Pack, Queensland Health.
Rawls, J. 1971. A Theory of Justice, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Santoni de Sio, F., and B. Jespersen. 2013. Function, roles, and human capacity. Methode: Analytic Perspectives 2(2): 58–66.
Santoni de Sio, F., H. Maslen, and N. Faulmüller. 2012. The necessity of objective standards for moral enhancement. AJOB Neuroscience 3: 15–16.
Santoni de Sio, F., N. Faulmüller, and N.A. Vincent. 2014a. How cognitive enhancement can change our duties. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 8: 131.
Santoni de Sio, F., P. Robichaud, and N.A. Vincent. 2014b. Who should enhance? Conceptual and normative dimensions of cognitive enhancement. Humana Mente: Journal of Philosophical Studies 26: 179–197.
Santoni de Sio, F., Faulmüller, N., Savulescu, J., and N.A. Vincent. (in press). Why less praise for enhanced performance? Moving beyond responsibility-shifting, authenticity, and cheating, towards a nature-of-activity approach. In Cognitive Enhancement: Ethical and Policy Implications in International Perspectives, eds. F. Jotterand, V. Dubliević, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schelle, K.J., N. Faulmüller, L. Caviola, and M. Hewstone. 2014. Attitudes towards pharmacological cognitive enhancement—A review. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 8: 53.
Scheske, C., and S. Schnall. 2012. The ethics of ‘smart drugs’: Moral judgments about healthy people’s use of cognitive-enhancing drugs. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 34: 508–515.
The Academy of Medical Sciences. 2012. Human Enhancement and the Future of Work.
The Royal College of Surgeons. 2008. Good Surgical Practice, RCSENG—Professional Standards and Regulation.
Vincent, N.A. 2011. Capacitarianism, responsibility and restored mental capacities. In Technologies on the stand: Legal and ethical questions in neuroscience and robotics, eds. B. van den Berg, L. Klaming, Netherlands: Wolf Legal Publishers.
Vincent, N.A. 2013. Enhancing Responsibility. In Neuroscience and legal responsibility, ed. N.A. Vincent, New York: Oxford University Press.
Weinberg, B.A., and K.B. Bonnie. 2001. The world of caffeine: The science and culture of the world’s most popular drug. New York: Routledge.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Maslen, H., Santoni de Sio, F., Faber, N. (2015). With Cognitive Enhancement Comes Great Responsibility?. In: Koops, BJ., Oosterlaken, I., Romijn, H., Swierstra, T., van den Hoven, J. (eds) Responsible Innovation 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17308-5_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17308-5_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-17307-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-17308-5
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawPhilosophy and Religion (R0)