Abstract
This chapter identifies the similarities and differences between the existing constitutional and legislative environmental regimes in Uruguay and Argentina, with attention being paid to aspects that may be reflected in the management of water resources.
Emphasis in differences offers interesting avenues of thought to the scholar of comparative law that they constituted a single political entity from the discovery of the La Plata River, in 1516 up to 1828, when Uruguay became an independent state. The two countries share borders marked by a river and a vast estuary (the Uruguay and the La Plata Rivers) of enormous economic and environmental significance for both nations, which have agreed in entrusting their management to binational commissions. Uruguay and Argentina are founding members of the Common Market of the South.
Significant differences are noticeable in environmental constitutional approaches and provisions in each country. The impacts of the constitutional structure of the respective states upon the width of the environmental rights recognized in terms of the hierarchy of international treaties compared with that of the national constitution in each country.
Finally, two outstanding environmental water-related issues are invoked, namely, (1) the recent Argentina-Uruguay dispute on contamination of the Uruguay River by European pulp mills operating in the Uruguayan territory and the International Court of Justice decision thereupon and (2) the nature and legal effects of the Uruguayan October 2004 constitutional amendment on the country’s water resources, heralded by The UNESCO Courier as unique (“A world’s first”) (“In an overwhelming majority vote, water was enshrined in Uruguay’s constitution as public property – a world first.” The UNESCO Courier, March, 2006 • ISSN 1993-8616) after a popular pronouncement with over 64 % of citizens’ support.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Non-official translation by the NGO “Redes Uruguay”, with necessary changes introduced by the authors.
- 2.
Under Sección 262 of the Uruguayan Constitution, except for the public security services, which are national in scope, the government and management of each Departamento is entrusted to its Mayor and its Departmental Council (the executive and legislative powers within the limits of such territorial units, respectively).
- 3.
In Argentina, a civil law country, case law is known as an “informal source of law,” meaning courts’ judgments (particularly those of the higher courts) do have bearing on future courts’ decisions, even if the latter are not required to mimic legal precedents.
- 4.
Law No. 7343 Principios Rectores para la Preservación, Conservación, Defensa y Mejoramiento del Ambiente (Guiding Principles on Preservation, Conservation, Defense, and Improvement of the Environment). http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/?aplicacion=normativa&IdNorma=799&IdSeccion=0
- 5.
- 6.
The complete texts of the Federal Argentinean laws the following excerpts belong to are available in the Government of Argentina website: http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/
- 7.
Regulations pending.
- 8.
Such international instruments texts/other references are available at the site of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Argentina at http://tratados.cancilleria.gob.ar/busqueda.php
- 9.
The full texts of Uruguayan laws are available at its national Government website: http://www.parlamento.gub.uy/indexdb/leyes/ConsultaLeyesSIPXXI.asp, with supplementary information to be found at the country’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs site (http://www.mrree.gub.uy/frontend/page?1,inicio,tratados-busquedas,O,es,0) Given the importance ascribed in this paper to the Environmental Law/Reality connection, see also Organization of American States, 1992, particularly Item 4.2.6 and Annex 7.1.
- 10.
Namely, “[a] right to appearing in a court of justice, or before a legislative body, on a given question.” Black’s Law Dictionary. West Publishing Co., 4th Edition.
- 11.
See, e.g., G. Bidart Campos, Elementary Treaty of the Argentinean Constitutional Law, Ediar, Buenos Aires, 1995, p. 298.
- 12.
“Environment:…something that surrounds…the conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding and affecting the development, of an organism or group of organisms.” Webster New World Dictionary of the American Language, 2nd College Edition. (stress added).
- 13.
Diario Oficial of Uruguay, 29th Dec., 1988 – N° 22776.
- 14.
Resolution 334, adopted during the XVth Regular Session of ECLAC. (Quito, Ecuador, 1973). http://www.cepal.org/cgi-bin/getprod.asp?xml=/noticias/paginas/1/21491/P21491.xml&xsl=/tpl-i/p18f-st.xsl&base=/tpl-i/top-bottom.xsl
- 15.
- 16.
Notwithstanding the mandate of CONAMA, the Chilean structure has been criticized as insufficient (Fernández Bitterlich 1998).
- 17.
Walter Raymond contends the outcome was the worst scenario to be expected for both countries, since it condemns them to the “punishment of reaching an agreement” (on monitoring of the Finnish paper mill and the future compliance of agreements regarding the Uruguay River). Source: Global Voices, 2010 http://globalvoicesonline.org/2010/04/21/argentina-international-court-rules-in-paper-mill-conflict-with-uruguay/
- 18.
“En ese aspecto [del Progreso en la reconocimiento del medio ambiente como derecho humano] se destaca la búqueda de su conceptualización y fundamentación teórica, la consagración mnormativa a nivel internacional e interno y su necesaria efectiividad” [stress added].
Bibliography
Alfaro E (2014) The environmental laws in Argentina. http://www.alfarolaw.com/tapa/The%20Environmental%20Laws%20in%20Argentina.pdf
American Society of International Law (2010) Pulp mills on the River Uruguay: The International Court of Justice recognizes environmental impact assessment as a duty under international law. http://www.asil.org/insights/volume/14/issue/9/pulp-mills-river-uruguay-international-court-justice-recognizes
Arbitration News (2010) ICJ makes ruling on environmental protection – Pulp mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v Uruguay). http://hsf-arbitrationnews.com/2010/05/07/icj-makes-ruling-on-environmental-protection-pulp-mills-on-the-river-uruguay-argentina-v-uruguay/, April
Bidart Campos G (1972) Manual de Derecho Constitucional Argentino. Ediar, Bs.As
Blengio M (2003) Derecho Humano a un Ambiente Sano. Revista de Derecho, Universidad de Montevideo. Year II, No. 4. http://revistaderecho.um.edu.uy/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Revista-de-derecho-A%C3%83%E2%80%98O-II-2003-N4.pdf
Cámara de Comercio de los Estados Unidos en la República Argentina (2012) Environmental handbook. http://www.agendasocialweb.com.ar/media/uploads/pdf/amcham-environmental.pdf
Caumont A (1997) The environment as the axis for a subjective right and its co-respective duty. Uruguayan Civil Law Yearbook, FCU, Montevideo Uruguay
Constitución de la Nación Argentina. http://leyes-ar.com/constitucion_nacional.htm
Constitución de la República Oriental del Uruguay. http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/normativa/constitucion-de-la-republica
Cousillas M (1998) Constitutional protection of the environment – reflections on the 1996 Constitutional Reform. FCU, Montevideo
Donoso MC, Bosch MC (2014) Integrated water resource management in Latin America and the Caribbean. In: Setegn S, Donoso M (eds) Sustainability of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in the face of climate variability and change. Springer, Cham
Duaygües M (2014) Dos fallos judiciales representativos en la jurisprudencia ambiental argentina: recomposición y daño residual. Secretaría Nacional de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. Mexico. http://www2.inecc.gob.mx/publicaciones/libros/398/duaygues.html
ECLAC – Economic Commission for Latin America (1973) Resolution 334, adopted during the XV Regular Session of ECLAC. Quito, Ecuador. http://www.cepal.org/cgi-bin/getprod.asp?xml=/noticias/paginas/1/21491/P21491.xml&xsl=/tpl-i/p18f-st.xsl&base=/tpl-i/top-bottom.xsl
European Commission (2007) MERCOSUR Regional Strategy Paper (2007–2013). http://eeas.europa.eu/mercosur/rsp/07_13_en.pdf
Fernández Bitterlich P (1998) Institucionalidad Ambiental en Chile. Revista de Derecho, Special Issue, 35–42 (Valdivia). ISSN 0718-0950. http://mingaonline.uach.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-09501998000100005&script=sci_arttext
Global Voices (2010) Argentina: International Court Rules in Paper Mill Conflict with Uruguay. http://globalvoicesonline.org/2010/04/21/argentina-international-court-rules-in-paper-mill-conflict-with-uruguay/
Gobierno de Argentina. Federal Legislation of Argentina, full texts. http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/
Gobierno de Paraguay (1991) Tratado de Asunción. Asuncion
Gobierno de Uruguay. National Legislation of Uruguay, full texts. Website: http://www.parlamento.gub.uy/indexdb/leyes/ConsultaLeyesSIPXXI.asp, with supplementary information at the country’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs site: (http://www.mrree.gub.uy/frontend/page?1,inicio,tratados-busquedas,O,es,0). See also Estudio impacto ambiental – Uruguay. pshconsultora.com.ar (2014) Todo el Derecho http://www.todoelderecho.com/Uruguay/ambiental.htm
Hall D, Lobina E, De la Motte R (2010) Making water privatization illegal: – new laws in Netherlands and Uruguay. Public Services International. http://PSIRU.ORG/REPORTS/2004-11-w-CRIM.doc
Magariños MJ, Gorosito R (2005) Medio Ambiente y Sociedad. Editorial F.C.U, Montevideo
MERCOSUR (2001) Framework Agreement on the Environment of MERCOSUR. Montevideo. http://www.ecolex.org/server2.php/libcat/docs/TRE/Full/En/TRE-153663.pdf
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto de la Republica Argentina – Digital Library. http://tratados.cancilleria.gob.ar/busqueda.php
Organization of the American States (1992) National Environmental Study, Item 4.2.6 – Main Limitations of the Legal Framework, and Annex 7.1, Environmental Protection Tenets. Uruguayan Government. OAS, IDB, Washington, DC. http://www.cicplata.org/pdf_oea/p9.pdf
Peyrano G (1997) Effective execution of environmental judgments. Jurisprudencia Argentina N° 6068 31-37. Buenos Aires
Sabsay DA (1996) Environmental protection through the so-called collective Amparo. El Derecho 167(4/16/96), Buenos Aires, Argentina, 61
Sagüés NP (2004) Interpretación constitucional y alquimia constitucional. Revista Iberoamericana de Derecho Procesal Constitucional, ISSN 1870-8390, N°. 1, pp 151–170
Sánchez Sáez AJ (2011) La “restitutio in pristinum” como mecanismo deseable para la reparación de los daños causados al medio ambiente. http://personal.us.es/patroclo/publicaciones_pdf/la_restituio_in_pristinum.pdf
Schulz A, Muriá Tuñón A, Villanueva Meza R (2005) Les instruments américains du droit international privé – Une note sur leurs rapports avec une future convention de La Haye sur les accords exclusifs d’election de for. Document préliminaire No. 31 de juin 2005 à l’intention de la Vingtième session de juin 2005, Conférence de la Haye du Droit International Privé. http://www.hcch.net/upload/wop/jdgm_pd31e.pdf
UNESCO (2006) When water becomes a political challenge. The UNESCO Courier, May 2007. ISSN 1993-8616. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0019/001915/191576e.pdf
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bosch, M.C., Donoso, M.C. (2015). Environmental Provisions in the Constitutions of Uruguay and Argentina Affecting Water Resource Management. In: Setegn, S., Donoso, M. (eds) Sustainability of Integrated Water Resources Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12194-9_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12194-9_22
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-12193-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-12194-9
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)