Modern Aspects of Phytoremediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Soils

Abstract

Pollution from potentially toxic metalloids such as arsenic is becoming a major concern for living organisms all over the world. Arsenic (As) is a non-essential metalloid in plants that can build up to toxic levels. As-contaminated soil remediation ought to be sustainable, low-cost, and applicable in the most vulnerable low-to-middle income countries. Phytoremediation is an aesthetically appreciable and successful approach that can be used for As decontamination using the best approach(es) and the most promising plant(s). On the other hand, Phytoremediation lacks the requisite speed, and the stress generated by As often can reduce plants’ ability to remediate. To solve these faults, we need to supplement plants’ potential with appropriate contemporary science means, such as microbial treatments and plant genetic modification, in order to reduce As stress and increase As accumulation in phytoremediator plants. According to the literature, integrated techniques like phytobial, constructed wetlands employing As-resistant microorganisms with vegetation activities have not been substantially researched. For As remediation, integrated phytoremediation techniques with practical application and reliability are seen to be the most promising. Further technology improvements would aid in exploring literature review gaps in various techniques, guiding us toward As phytoremediation sustainability and perfection. This chapter describes how arsenic concentrations, speciation, absorption, bioavailability, uptake, transport, phytotoxicity, and arsenic detoxification in plants may all be linked. This chapter aimed to provide insight into recent breakthroughs in phytoremediation technologies for overcoming arsenic poisoning in ecosystems. Aspects such as the current and future use of assisted phytoremediation approaches are also discussed.