Abstract
A widely accepted view among leading sustainability standard setters and guidance providers holds that to achieve Net Zero, companies must first prioritize reducing the greenhouse gases (GHG) in their value chains before compensating for any unabated emissions that remain through the use of carbon credit offsets. This chapter argues that this view, the received Net Zero logic, suffers from conceptual failings that threaten to divert private sector resources from one of the most underfunded but critically important areas for climate action, namely Nature Based Solutions (NBS). The chapter provides examples of how the received Net Zero logic has disincentivized the purchase of carbon linked to the protection of natural ecosystems. In response, the chapter argues that recent innovations in the carbon markets linked to NBS credits, particularly the use of a jurisdictional rather than a project-based approach, offer an improved way to incorporate carbon credits into a credible corporate Net Zero strategy. In addition, the chapter explores how structuring NBS credits through the lens of “contributions” to supply-country emissions reductions efforts, rather than “offsets,” may offer a way to avoid double-counting and misleading claims. These innovations help ensure greater “demand side” and “supply side” integrity as well as improve the accuracy and integrity of the global accounting framework for Net Zero. The paper concludes by calling for increased investment into NBS credits to bring greater scale, integrity, and impact to the voluntary carbon market.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anderegg, W.R., A.T. Trugman, G. Badgley, C.M. Anderson, A. Bartuska, P. Ciais, D. Cullenward, C.B. Field, J. Freeman, and S.J. Goetz. 2020. Climate-driven risks to the climate mitigation potential of forests. Science 368: 6497.
Apple. 2021. Apple and partners launch first-ever $200 million Restore Fund to accelerate natural solutions to climate change. Apple Press Release https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2021/04/apple-and-partners-launch-first-ever-200-million-restore-fund/. Accessed April 18, 2021.
Aviva. 2021. Taking Climate Action. Aviva. https://www.aviva.com/newsroom/perspectives/2021/03/taking-climate-action/.
Bhatia, P., and J. Ranganathan. 2004. The greenhouse gas protocol: a corporate accounting and reporting standard, revised edition. World Resources Institute and World Business Council for Sustainable Development.
Bloomgarden, E. 2021. Companies must prioritize forest protection over tree planting. Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/companies-must-prioritize-forest-protection-over-tree-planting-opinion-1578774. Accessed April 13, 2021.
Broekhoff, D. 2020. Should carbon offsets only include removing CO2 from the atmosphere? https://www.sei.org/perspectives/should-carbon-offsets-only-include-removing-co2-from-the-atmosphere/. Accessed April 13, 2021.
———. 2021. Breakingviews—Guest view: Voluntary carbon markets carry risks. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-markets-breakingviews/breakingviews-guest-view-voluntary-carbon-markets-carry-risks-idUSKBN29Q2FY. Accessed April 12, 2021.
Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, and S. Maginnis. 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.
Data-Driven EnviroLab & NewClimate Institute. 2020. NewClimate Institute, 2020, September, 2020.
Deutza, Andrew, G.M.H., Rose Niuc, Eric Swansonc, Terry Townshendc, Zhu Lic, Alejandro Delmard, Alqayam Meghjid, Suresh A. Sethid, and John Tobin-de la Puente. 2020. Financing Nature: Closing the Global Biodiversity Financing Gap. The Paulson Institute, The Nature Conservancy, and the Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability.
Dugast, C. 2020. Net Zero initiative: A framework for collective carbon neutrality. Carbone 4, April 2020.
Ecoystem Marketplace. 2020. Voluntary carbon and the post-pandemic recovery. Ecosystem Marketplace Insights Brief.
EDF. 2020. Pathways to Net Zero: A guide for business. Environmental Defense Fund.
———. 2021. Mobilizing voluntary carbon markets to drive climate action: Recommendations. Environmental Defense Fund.
Elgin, B. 2020. These trees are not what they seem: How the nature conservancy, the world’s biggest environmental group, became a dealer of meaningless carbon offsets. www.bloomberg.com/features/2020-nature-conservancy-carbon-offsets-trees/. Accessed April 18, 2021.
Energy Transitions Commission. 2018. Mission possible: Reaching net-zero carbon emissions from harder-to-abate sectors by mid-century. Energy Transitions Commission.
FOLU. 2020. Nature for Net-Zero: Consultation document on the need to raise corporate ambition towards nature-based net-zero emissions. The Food and Land Use Coalition.
Goldstein, A., W.R. Turner, S.A. Spawn, K.J. Anderson-Teixeira, S. Cook-Patton, J. Fargione, H.K. Gibbs, B. Griscom, J.H. Hewson, and J.F. Howard. 2020. Protecting irrecoverable carbon in Earth’s ecosystems. Nature Climate Change 10 (4): 287–295.
Golub, A.A., S. Fuss, R. Lubowski, J. Hiller, N. Khabarov, N. Koch, A. Krasovskii, F. Kraxner, T. Laing, and M. Obersteiner. 2018. Escaping the climate policy uncertainty trap: Options contracts for REDD+. Climate Policy 18 (10): 1227–1234.
Hansis, E., S.J. Davis, and J. Pongratz. 2015. Relevance of methodological choices for accounting of land use change carbon fluxes. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 29 (8): 1230–1246.
IIGCC. 2021. Net Zero Investment Framework 1.0, March 2021. The Institutional Investors Group on Climate Change.
Junior, C.H.S., A.C. Pessôa, N.S. Carvalho, J.B. Reis, L.O. Anderson, and L.E. Aragão. 2021. The Brazilian Amazon deforestation rate in 2020 is the greatest of the decade. Nature Ecology & Evolution 5 (2): 144–145.
Mackenzie, K. 2021. Big oil’s Net-Zero plans show the hard limits of carbon offsets. www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-01/big-oil-s-net-zero-plans-show-the-hard-limits-of-carbon-offsets. Accessed April 12, 2021.
Mastercard. 2020. Mastercard and partners launch priceless planet coalition to act on climate. Mastercard Newsroom. https://www.mastercard.com/news/press/press-releases/2020/january/mastercard-and-partners-launch-priceless-planet-coalition-to-act-on-climate-change/.
Mehling, M.A., G.E. Metcalf, and R.N. Stavins. 2018. Linking heterogeneous climate policies (Consistent with the Paris Agreement). Environmental Law 48 (4): 647–698.
Meyer, C., and D. Miller. 2014. How one Brazilian state is reducing deforestation while growing its economy. Environmental Defense Fund. https://blogs.edf.org/climatetalks/2014/09/19/how-one-brazilian-state-is-reducing-deforestation-while-growing-its-economy/#:~:text=Acre%3A%20REDD%2B%20in%20practice&text=Acre%20has%20committed%20to%20reduce,dioxide%20emissions%20using%20REDD%2B%20policies.
Nepstad, D., D. McGrath, C. Stickler, A. Alencar, A. Azevedo, B. Swette, T. Bezerra, M. DiGiano, J. Shimada, and R. S. da Motta. 2014. Slowing Amazon deforestation through public policy and interventions in beef and soy supply chains. Science 344(6188): 1118–1123.
Net Zero Asset Managers. 2021. Net Zero Asset managers initiative triples in assets under management as 43 new asset managers commit to Net Zero emissions goal.
Salway, H., and C. Streck. 2021. Claims + credibility: Embracing diversification to scale carbon markets. Ecoystem Marketplace. https://www.ecosystemmarketplace.com/articles/claims-credibility-embracing-diversification-to-scale-carbon-markets/.
SBTi. 2020. Foundations for science-based Net-Zero target setting in the corporate sector—Version 1.0. Science Based Targets initiative.
———. 2021a. From ambition to impact: How companies are reducing emissions at scale with science-based targets, January 2020.
———. 2021b. Net-Zero criteria draft for public consultation (01/26/2021). Science Based Target Initiative.
Schwartzman, S., R.N. Lubowski, S.W. Pacala, N.O. Keohane, S. Kerr, M. Oppenheimer, and S.P. Hamburg. 2021. Environmental integrity and sustainability of emissions reductions depends on scale and systemic changes, not sector of origin. Unpublished manuscript.
Seymour, F. 2020a. INSIDER: 4 reasons why a jurisdictional approach for REDD+ crediting is superior to a project-based approach. https://www.wri.org/insights/insider-4-reasons-why-jurisdictional-approach-redd-crediting-superior-project-based. Accessed April 12, 2021.
Seymour, F. 2020b. Seeing the forests as well as the (trillion) trees in corporate climate strategies. One Earth 2 (5): 390–393.
Seymour, F., and J. Busch. 2021. Why forests? Why now? The science, economics and politics of tropical forests and climate change. Center for Global Development.
Seymour, F., and P. Langer. 2021. Considerations of nature-based solutions as offsets in corporate climate change mitigation strategies. March World Resources Institute.
Shukla, P., J. Skea, E. Calvo Buendia, V. Masson-Delmotte, H. Pörtner, D. Roberts, P. Zhai, R. Slade, S. Connors, and R. Van Diemen. 2019. IPCC, 2019: Climate change and land: An IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. IPCC.
Smith, B. 2020. Microsoft will be carbon negative by 2030. Official Microsoft Blog, January 16, 2020. https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2020/01/16/microsoft-will-be-carbon-negative-by-2030/. Accessed April 12, 2021.
Song, L., and P. Moura. 2019. An even more inconvenient truth: Why carbon credits for forest preservation may be worse than nothing. ProPublica. https://features.propublica.org/brazil-carbon-offsets/inconvenient-truth-carbon-credits-dont-work-deforestation-redd-acre-cambodia/. Accessed April 19, 2021.
Steer, A., and C. Hanson. 2021. Corporate financing of nature based solutions: What next? World Resources Institute. https://www.wri.org/news/corporate-financing-nature-based-solutions-what-next?utm_campaign=wridigest&utm_source=wridigest-2021-4-13&utm_medium=email&utm_content=title. Accessed April 16, 2021.
Streck, C. 2020. Shades of REDD+: Corresponding adjustments for voluntary markets—Seriously? Ecosystem Marketplace. https://www.ecosystemmarketplace.com/articles/shades-of-redd-corresponding-adjustments-for-voluntary-markets-seriously/.
Tercek, M., and P. Ebsen. 2021. How to make Net-Zero pledges climate-radical, business-friendly, socially just and fully transparent—Part II. https://marktercek.substack.com/p/how-to-make-net-zero-pledges-climate. Accessed April 15, 2021.
Tracker, C. A. 2019. Governments still showing little sign of acting on climate crisis. https://climateactiontracker.org/publications/governments-still-not-acting-on-climate-crisis/.
TSVCM. 2021. Taskforce on scaling voluntary carbon markets: Final Report.
West, T.A.P., J. Börner, E.O. Sills, and A. Kontoleon. 2020. Overstated carbon emission reductions from voluntary REDD+ projects in the Brazilian Amazon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 (39): 24188–24194.
World Economic Forum. 2020. What’s the difference between carbon negative and carbon neutral? https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/what-s-the-difference-between-carbon-negative-and-carbon-neutral/ 2021.
WRI. 2021. Forest pulse: The latest on the world’s forests. WRI Global Forest Review. https://research.wri.org/gfr/forest-pulse?utm_medium=toolkit&utm_source=partner&utm_campaign=globalforestreview Accessed April 15, 2021.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bernasconi, L. (2021). A Natural Approach to Net Zero. In: Heller, T., Seiger, A. (eds) Settling Climate Accounts. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83650-4_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83650-4_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-83649-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-83650-4
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)