Abstract
Recent developments in machine learning have pushed the tasks that machines can do outside the boundaries of what was thought to be possible years ago. Methodologies such as deep learning or generative models have achieved complex tasks such as generating art pictures or literature automatically. Machine Consciousness is a field that has been deeply studied and several theories based in the functionalism philosophical theory like the global workspace theory have been proposed. In this work, we propose an architecture that may arise consciousness in a machine based in the global workspace theory and in the assumption that consciousness appear in machines that have cognitive processes and exhibit conscious behaviour. This architecture is based in processes that use the recent Deep Learning and generative process models. For every module of this architecture, we provide detailed explanations of the models involved and how they communicate with each other to create the cognitive architecture. We illustrate how we can optimize the architecture to generate social interactions between robots and genuine pieces of art, both features correlated with machine consciousness. As far as we know, this is the first machine consciousness architecture that use generative models and deep learning to exhibit conscious social behaviour and to retrieve pictures and other subjective content made by robots.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aleksander, I.: Impossible Minds: My Neurons, My Consciousness. World Scientific, Singapore (1996)
Aleksander, I.: Why axiomatic models of being conscious? J. Conscious. Stud. 14(7), 15–27 (2007)
Aleksander, I., Dunmall, B.: Axioms and tests for the presence of minimal consciousness in agents i: preamble. J. Conscious. Stud. 10(4–5), 7–18 (2003)
Arrabales, R., Ledezma, A., Sanchis, A.: Consscale: a pragmatic scale for measuring the level of consciousness in artificial agents. J. Conscious. Stud. 17(3–4), 131–164 (2010)
Baars, B.J.: In the theatre of consciousness. global workspace theory, a rigorous scientific theory of consciousness. J. Conscious. Stud. 4(4), 292–309 (1997)
Baars, B.J.: The global workspace theory of consciousness. Blackwell Companion Conscious. 236–246 (2007)
Baars, B.J., Newman, J.: A neurobiological interpretation of global workspace theory. Conscious. Philos. Cogn. Neurosci. 211–226 (1994)
Bahdanau, D., Cho, K., Bengio, Y.: Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate. arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.0473 (2014)
Balduzzi, D., Tononi, G.: Integrated information in discrete dynamical systems: motivation and theoretical framework. PLoS Comput. Biol. 4, 6 (2008)
Bengio, Y.: The consciousness prior. arXiv preprint arXiv:1709.08568 (2017)
Cambria, E.: Affective computing and sentiment analysis. IEEE Intell. Syst. 31(2), 102–107 (2016)
Chella, A., Frixione, M., Gaglio, S.: A cognitive architecture for robot self-consciousness. Artif. Intell. Med. 44(2), 147–154 (2008)
Chella, A., Manzotti, R.: Artificial intelligence and consciousness. In: Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence Fall Symposium, pp. 1–8 (2007)
Chella, A., Manzotti, R.: Artificial consciousness. In: Perception-Action Cycle. Springer, pp. 637–671 (2011)
Chib, S., Greenberg, E.: Understanding the metropolis-hastings algorithm. Am. Stat. 49(4), 327–335 (1995)
Crick, F., Clark, J.: The astonishing hypothesis. J. Conscious. Stud. 1(1), 10–16 (1994)
Damasio, A., Dolan, R.J.: The feeling of what happens. Nature 401(6756), 847–847 (1999)
Dehaene, S., Changeux, J.-P.: Ongoing spontaneous activity controls access to consciousness: a neuronal model for inattentional blindness. PLoS Biol. 3, 5 (2005)
Deng, J., Dong, W., Socher, R., Li, L.-J., Li, K., Fei-Fei, L.: Imagenet: a large-scale hierarchical image database. In: 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, IEEE, pp. 248–255 (2009)
Deng, L., Liu, Y.: Deep Learning in Natural Language Processing. Springer, Berlin (2018)
Elgammal, A., Liu, B., Elhoseiny, M., Mazzone, M.: Can: creative adversarial networks, generating” art” by learning about styles and deviating from style norms. arXiv preprint arXiv:1706.07068 (2017)
Fellbaum, C.: Wordnet. Encycl. Appl. Linguist. (2012)
Gamez, D.: The development and analysis of conscious machines. PhD thesis, University of Essex Colchester (2008)
Gamez, D.: Progress in machine consciousness. Conscious. Cogn. 17(3), 887–910 (2008)
Gamez, D.: Human and Machine Consciousness. Open Book Publishers, United Kingdom (2018)
Garrido-Merchán, E.C., Albarca-Molina, A.: Suggesting cooking recipes through simulation and bayesian optimization. In: Yin, H., Camacho, D., Novais, P., Tallón-Ballesteros, A.J. (eds.) IDEAL 2018. LNCS, vol. 11314, pp. 277–284. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03493-1_30
Garrido-Merchán, E.C., Hernández-Lobato, D.: Predictive entropy search for multi-objective bayesian optimization with constraints. Neurocomputing 361, 50–68 (2019)
Garrido-MerchÁn, E.C., Puente, C., Palacios, R.: Fake news detection by means of uncertainty weighted causal graphs (2020)
Garrido-MerchÁn, E.C., Puente, C., Sobrino, A., Olivas, J.A.: Uncertainty weighted causal graphs (2020)
Goertzel, B., Pennachin, C.: Artificial General Intelligence, vol. 2. Springer, Berlin (2007)
González, J., Dai, Z., Hennig, P., Lawrence, N.: Batch bayesian optimization via local penalization. In: Artificial intelligence and statistics, pp. 648–657 (2016)
Graziano, M.S.: The attention schema theory: a foundation for engineering artificial consciousness. Front. Robot. AI 4, 60 (2017)
Harnad, S.: Can a machine be conscious? how? J. Conscious. Stud. 10(4–5), 69–75 (2003)
He, B.J., Raichle, M.E.: The FMRI signal, slow cortical potential and consciousness. Trends Cogn. Sci. 13(7), 302–309 (2009)
Kaiser, L., et al.: One model to learn them all. arXiv preprint arXiv:1706.05137 (2017)
Kamitani, Y., Tong, F.: Decoding the visual and subjective contents of the human brain. Nat. Neurosci. 8(5), 679–685 (2005)
Kitamura, T., Tahara, T., Asami, K.-I.: How can a robot have consciousness? Adv. Robot. 14(4), 263–275 (2000)
Koch, C., Tsuchiya, N.: Attention and consciousness: two distinct brain processes. Trends Cogn. Sci. 11(1), 16–22 (2007)
Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Hinton, G.E.: Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 1097–1105 (2012)
LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y., Hinton, G.: Deep learning. Nature 521(7553), 436–444 (2015)
Loar, B.: Phenomenal states. Philos. Perspect. 4, 81–108 (1990)
Martínez Sastre, R., et al.: Simulating music from the latent space of a variational autoencoder. B.S. thesis, UAM (2019)
Moor, J.H.: Testing robots for qualia. In: Perspectives on Mind. Springer, pp. 107–118 (1988)
Mordvintsev, A., Olah, C., Tyka, M.: Inceptionism: going deeper into neural networks. Google Research Blog (2015)
Murphy, K.P.: Machine learning: a probabilistic perspective. MIT press (2012)
Pennartz, C., Farisco, M., Evers, K.: Indicators and criteria of consciousness in animals and intelligent machines: an inside-out approach. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 13, 25 (2019)
Perlis, D.: Consciousness as self-function. J. Conscious. Stud. 4(5–6), 509–525 (1997)
Radford, A., Metz, L., Chintala, S.: Unsupervised representation learning with deep convolutional generative adversarial networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1511.06434 (2015)
Raoult, A., Yampolskiy, R.: Reviewing tests for machine consciousness. Retrieved from ResearchGate (2015)
Reggia, J.A.: The rise of machine consciousness: studying consciousness with computational models. Neural Netw. 44, 112–131 (2013)
Roberts, G.O., Gelman, A., Gilks, W.R., et al.: Weak convergence and optimal scaling of random walk metropolis algorithms. Ann. Appl. Probab. 7(1), 110–120 (1997)
Rose, D.: Consciousness: Philosophical, Psychological, and Neural Theories. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2006)
Searle, J.R.: Mind: A Brief Introduction. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2004)
Searle, J.R., et al.: Consciousness and Language. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2002)
Shanahan, M.: Consciousness, emotion, and imagination: a brain-inspired architecture for cognitive robotics. In: In Proceedings of the AISB’05 Workshop: Next Generation Approaches to Machine Consciousness, Citeseer (2005)
Snell, J., Swersky, K., Zemel, R.: Prototypical networks for few-shot learning. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 4077–4087 (2017)
Solak, E., Murray-Smith, R., Leithead, W.E., Leith, D.J., Rasmussen, C.E.: Derivative observations in gaussian process models of dynamic systems. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 1057–1064 (2003)
Sowa, J.F.: Semantic networks. Citeseer (1987)
Stuart, S.A.: Machine consciousness: cognitive and kinaesthetic imagination. J. Conscious. Stud. 14(7), 141–153 (2007)
Thrun, S., Pratt, L.: Learning to Learn. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin (2012)
Voß, S., Martello, S., Osman, I.H., Roucairol, C.: Meta-heuristics: Advances and Trends in Local Search Paradigms for Optimization. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin (2012)
Williams, C.K., Rasmussen, C.E.: Gaussian Orocesses for Machine Learning, vol. 2. MIT Press Cambridge, MA (2006)
Wu, Z., Shen, C., Van Den Hengel, A.: Wider or deeper: revisiting the resnet model for visual recognition. Pattern Recogn. 90, 119–133 (2019)
Xie, Q., Hovy, E., Luong, M.-T., Le, Q.V.: Self-training with noisy student improves imagenet classification. arXiv preprint arXiv:1911.04252 (2019)
Xiong, W., Luo, W., Ma, L., Liu, W., Luo, J.: Learning to generate time-lapse videos using multi-stage dynamic generative adversarial networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 2364–2373 (2018)
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the use of the facilities of Centro de Computación Científica (CCC) at UAM and acknowledge financial support from Spanish Plan Nacional I+D+i, grants TIN2016–76406-P and TEC2016–81900-REDT and Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation - State Research Agency, project PID2019–106827GB-I00.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Merchán, E.C.G., Molina, M. (2020). A Machine Consciousness Architecture Based on Deep Learning and Gaussian Processes. In: de la Cal, E.A., Villar Flecha, J.R., Quintián, H., Corchado, E. (eds) Hybrid Artificial Intelligent Systems. HAIS 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12344. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61705-9_29
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61705-9_29
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-61704-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-61705-9
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)