Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) often improve the efficacy of therapeutic actives, and their delivery to mucosal sites allows for unique and localized effects compared to parenteral delivery. Sites of mucosal surfaces includes the eyes, nasal cavity, lungs, and the entire gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus, and offers extensive areas for the delivery of therapeutics. However, each mucosal site has unique physiological properties that affect aspects such as stability during the transit to the mucosal surface, release of the active molecules, and absorption of NPs into the body. The required NPs properties also differ based on if the goal is for absorption of intact NPs or release of the active molecules at the mucosal site. Therefore, the interaction of the NPs, with the medium that is in contact with the mucosal surface, the mucus layer, and the epithelial cells, must be considered during the formulation process. This chapter focusses on the advantages and disadvantages of delivering NPs through each major mucosal site and offers indications on NPs properties that may be ideal for each site.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Abbreviations
- COPD:
-
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- GI:
-
Gastrointestinal
- GALT:
-
Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
- IN:
-
Intranasal
- MALT:
-
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
- NPs:
-
Nanoparticles
- NALT:
-
Nasal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
- PP:
-
Peyer’s Patch
References
Petros RA, DeSimone JM. Strategies in the design of nanoparticles for therapeutic applications. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010;9:615–27.
des Rieux A, Fievez V, Garinot M, Schneider YJ, Preat V. Nanoparticles as potential oral delivery systems of proteins and vaccines: a mechanistic approach. J Control Release 2006;116(1):1–27.
Laffleur F, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Strategies for improving mucosal drug delivery. Nanomedicine. 2013;8(12):2061–75.
Ensign LM, Cone R, Hanes J. Oral drug delivery with polymeric nanoparticles: the gastrointestinal mucus barriers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2012;64(6):557–70.
Bourlais CL, Acar L, Zia H, Sado PA, Needham T, Leverge R. Ophthalmic drug delivery systems--recent advances. Prog Retin Eye Res. 1998;17(1):33–58.
McNamara NA, Polse KA, Brand RJ, Graham AD, Chan JS, McKenney CD. Tear mixing under a soft contact lens: effects of lens diameter. Am J Ophthalmology. 1999;127(6):659–65.
Cholkar K, Dasari SR, Pal D, Mitra AK. Eye: anatomy, physiology and barriers to drug delivery. In: Mitra AK, editor. Ocular Transporters and Receptors: Woodhead Publishing; 2013. p. 1–36.
Yasukawa T, Ogura Y, Tabata Y, Kimura H, Wiedemann P, Honda Y. Drug delivery systems for vitreoretinal diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2004;23(3):253–81.
Li Y, Cheng Q, Jiang Q, Huang Y, Liu H, Zhao Y, et al. Enhanced endosomal/lysosomal escape by distearoyl phosphoethanolamine-polycarboxybetaine lipid for systemic delivery of siRNA. J Control Release. 2014;176:104–14.
Gower NJD, Barry RJ, Edmunds MR, Titcomb LC, Denniston AK. Drug discovery in ophthalmology: past success, present challenges, and future opportunities. BMC Ophthalmol. 2016;16:11.
Biswas GR, Majee SB. Niosomes in ocular drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Med Res. 2017;4(7):813–9.
Lang J, Roehrs R, Remington JR. Ophthalmic preparations. In: Wilkins LW, editor. The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 2009. p. 850–856.
Bourges J-L, Gautier SE, Delie F, Bejjani RA, Jeanny J-C, Gurny R, et al. Ocular drug delivery targeting the retina and retinal pigment epithelium using Polylactide nanoparticles. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44(8):3562–9.
Kaur IP, Garg A, Singla AK, Aggarwal D. Vesicular systems in ocular drug delivery: an overview. Int J Pharm. 2004;269(1):1–14.
Law SL, Huang KJ, Chiang CH. Acyclovir-containing liposomes for potential ocular delivery: corneal penetration and absorption. J Control Release. 2000;63(1):135–40.
Yamaguchi M, Ueda K, Isowaki A, Ohtori A, Takeuchi H, Ohguro N, et al. Mucoadhesive properties of chitosan-coated ophthalmic lipid emulsion containing indomethacin in tear fluid. Biol Pharm Bull. 2009;32(7):1266–71.
Sonvico F, Clementino A, Buttini F, Colombo G, Pescina S, Stanisçuaski Guterres S, et al. Surface-modified Nanocarriers for nose-to-brain delivery: from bioadhesion to targeting. Pharmaceutics. 2018;10(1):34.
Sachan AK, Singh S. Nanoparticles: nasal delivery of drugs. Int J Pharm Res Sch. 2014;3(3):33–44.
Ghori MU, Mahdi MH, Smith AM, Conway BR. Nasal Drug Delivery Systems: An Overview. Am J Pharmacoll Sci. 2015;3(5):110–9.
Battaglia L, Panciani PP, Muntoni E, Capucchio MT, Biasibetti E, De Bonis P, et al. Lipid nanoparticles for intranasal administration: application to nose-to-brain delivery. Expert Opinion Drug Delivery. 2018;15(4):369–78.
Illum L. Nanoparticulate systems for nasal delivery of drugs: a real improvement over simple systems? J Pharm Sci. 2007;96(3):473–83.
Ozsoy Y, Gungor S, Cevher E. Nasal delivery of high molecular weight drugs. Molecules. (Basel). 2009;14(9):3754–79.
Comfort C, Garrastazu G, Pozzoli M, Sonvico F. Opportunities and challenges for the nasal administration of nanoemulsions. Curr Top Med Chem. 2015;15(4):356–68.
Casettari L, Illum L. Chitosan in nasal delivery systems for therapeutic drugs. J Control Release. 2014;190:189–200.
Samaridou E, Alonso MJ. Nose-to-brain peptide delivery - the potential of nanotechnology. Bioorg Med Chem. 2018;26(10):2888–905.
Shoyele SA, Slowey A. Prospects of formulating proteins/peptides as aerosols for pulmonary drug delivery. Int J Pharm. 2006;314(1):1–8.
Kunda NK, Somavarapu S, Gordon SB, Hutcheon GA, Saleem IY. Nanocarriers targeting dendritic cells for pulmonary vaccine delivery. Pharm Res. 2013;30(2):325–41.
Gaul R, Ramsey JM, Heise A, Cryan S-A, Greene CM. Nanotechnology approaches to pulmonary drug delivery: Targeted delivery of small molecule and gene-based therapeutics to the lung. In: Grumezescu AM, editor. Design of Nanostructures for Versatile Therapeutic Applications: William Andrew Publishing; 2018. p. 221–53.
Osman N, Kaneko K, Carini V, Saleem I. Carriers for the targeted delivery of aerosolized macromolecules for pulmonary pathologies. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2018;15(8):821–34.
Tawfeek HM, Evans AR, Iftikhar A, Mohammed AR, Shabir A, Somavarapu S, et al. Dry powder inhalation of macromolecules using novel PEG-co-polyester microparticle carriers. Int J Pharm. 2013;441(1–2):611–9.
Tawfeek H, Khidr S, Samy E, Ahmed S, Murphy M, Mohammed A, et al. Poly(glycerol adipate-co-omega-pentadecalactone) spray-dried microparticles as sustained release carriers for pulmonary delivery. Pharm Res. 2011;28(9):2086–97.
Alfagih I, Kunda N, Alanazi F, Dennison SR, Somavarapu S, Hutcheon GA, et al. Pulmonary delivery of proteins using nanocomposite microcarriers. J Pharm Sci. 2015;104(12):4386–98.
Kunda NK, Alfagih IM, Dennison SR, Tawfeek HM, Somavarapu S, Hutcheon GA, et al. Bovine serum albumin adsorbed PGA-co-PDL nanocarriers for vaccine delivery via dry powder inhalation. Pharm Res. 2015;32(4):1341–53.
Bisgaard H, O’Callaghan C, Smaldone G. Drug delivery to the lung: Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1999.
Mason GR, Peters AM, Bagdades E, Myers MJ, Snooks D, Hughes J. Evaluation of pulmonary alveolar epithelial integrity by the detection of restriction to diffusion of hydrophilic solutes of different molecular sizes. Clin Sci. 2001;100(3):231–6.
Nicod LP. Lung defences: an overview. European Respiratory Review: An Official Journal of the European Respiratory Society. 2005;14(95):45–50.
Gordon S, Read R. Macrophage defences against respiratory tract infections. Br Med Bull. 2006;61:45–61.
Rodrigues TC, Oliveira MLS, Soares-Schanoski A, Chavez-Rico SL, Figueiredo DB, Goncalves VM, et al. Mucosal immunization with PspA (pneumococcal surface protein a)-adsorbed nanoparticles targeting the lungs for protection against pneumococcal infection. PLoS One. 2018;13(1):e0191692.
Lu X, Zhu T, Chen C, Liu Y. Right or left: the role of nanoparticles in pulmonary diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(10):17577–600.
Kunda NK, Alfagih IM, Miyaji EN, Figueiredo DB, Goncalves VM, Ferreira DM, et al. Pulmonary dry powder vaccine of pneumococcal antigen loaded nanoparticles. Int J Pharm. 2015;495(2):903–12.
Kunda NK, Alfagih IM, Dennison SR, Somavarapu S, Merchant Z, Hutcheon GA, et al. Dry powder pulmonary delivery of cationic PGA-co-PDL nanoparticles with surface adsorbed model protein. Int J Pharm. 2015;492(1–2):213–22.
Renukaradhya GJ, Narasimhan B, Mallapragada SK. Respiratory nanoparticle-based vaccines and challenges associated with animal models and translation. J Control Release. 2015;219:622–31.
Petkar KC, Chavhan S, Kunda N, Saleem I, Somavarapu S, Taylor KMG, et al. Development of novel Octanoyl chitosan nanoparticles for improved rifampicin pulmonary delivery: optimization by factorial design. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2018;19(4):1758–72.
Merchant Z, Buckton G, Taylor KM, Stapleton P, Saleem IY, Zariwala MG, et al. A new era of pulmonary delivery of Nano-antimicrobial therapeutics to treat chronic pulmonary infections. Curr Pharm Des. 2016;22(17):2577–98.
Merchant Z, Taylor KMG, Stapleton P, Razak SA, Kunda N, Alfagih I, et al. Engineering hydrophobically modified chitosan for enhancing the dispersion of respirable microparticles of levofloxacin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2014;88(3):816–29.
Paranjpe M, Müller-Goymann CC. Nanoparticle-mediated pulmonary drug delivery: a review. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(4):5852–73.
Kleinstreuer C, Zhang Z, Donohue JF. Targeted drug-aerosol delivery in the human respiratory system. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2008;10:195–220.
Kuzmov A, Minko T. Nanotechnology approaches for inhalation treatment of lung diseases. J Control Release. 2015;219:500–18.
Pinto JF. Site-specific drug delivery systems within the gastro-intestinal tract: from the mouth to the colon. Int J Pharm. 2010;395(1):44–52.
Date AA, Hanes J, Ensign LM. Nanoparticles for oral delivery: design, evaluation and state-of-the-art. J Control Release. 2016;240:504–26.
Holpuch AS, Hummel GJ, Tong M, Seghi GA, Pei P, Ma P, et al. Nanoparticles for local drug delivery to the Oral mucosa: proof of principle studies. Pharm Res. 2010;27(7):1224–36.
Al-Dhubiab BE. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of nano-based films for buccal delivery of zolpidem. Braz Oral Res. 2016;30:e126.
Calixto G, Bernegossi J, Fonseca-Santos B, Chorilli M. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for treatment of oral cancer: a review. Int J Nanomedicine. 2014;9:3719–35.
Wang K, Liu T, Lin R, Liu B, Yang G, Bu X, et al. Preparation and in vitro release of buccal tablets of naringenin-loaded MPEG-PCL nanoparticles. RSC Adv. 2014;4(64):33672–9.
Roque L, Castro P, Molpeceres J, Viana AS, Roberto A, Reis C, et al. Bioadhesive polymeric nanoparticles as strategy to improve the treatment of yeast infections in oral cavity: in-vitro and ex-vivo studies. Eur Polym J. 2018;104:19–31.
Mašek J, Lubasová D, Lukáč R, Turánek-Knotigová P, Kulich P, Plocková J, et al. Multi-layered nanofibrous mucoadhesive films for buccal and sublingual administration of drug-delivery and vaccination nanoparticles - important step towards effective mucosal vaccines. J Control Release. 2017;249:183–95.
Humphrey SP, Williamson RT. A review of saliva: Normal composition, flow, and function. J Prosthet Dent. 2001;85(2):162–9.
Suh JW, Lee J-S, Ko S, Lee HG. Preparation and characterization of Mucoadhesive buccal nanoparticles using chitosan and dextran sulfate. J Agric Food Chem. 2016;64(26):5384–8.
Kraisit P, Limmatvapirat S, Luangtana-Anan M, Sriamornsak P. Buccal administration of mucoadhesive blend films saturated with propranolol loaded nanoparticles. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2018;13(1):34–43.
Marques AC, Rocha AI, Leal P, Estanqueiro M, Lobo JMS. Development and characterization of mucoadhesive buccal gels containing lipid nanoparticles of ibuprofen. Int J Pharm. 2017;533(2):455–62.
Fonseca-Santos B, Chorilli M. An overview of polymeric dosage forms in buccal drug delivery: state of art, design of formulations and their in vivo performance evaluation. Mater Sci Eng C. 2018;86:129–43.
Yun Y, Cho YW, Park K. Nanoparticles for oral delivery: targeted nanoparticles with peptidic ligands for oral protein delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2013;65(6):822–32.
Zimmer A. Drug Targeting Technology, Physical·Chemical·Biological Methods, Edited by Hans Schreier. ChemBioChem. 2002;3(6):581.
Jia L. Nanoparticle formulation increases Oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs: approaches experimental evidences and theory. Curr Nanosci. 2005;1(3):237–43.
Suk JS, Xu Q, Kim N, Hanes J, Ensign LM. PEGylation as a strategy for improving nanoparticle-based drug and gene delivery. Adv Drug Deli Rev. 2016;99(Pt A):28–51.
Kaneko K, McDowell A, Ishii Y, Hook S. Characterization and evaluation of stabilized particulate formulations as therapeutic oral vaccines for allergy. J Liposome Res. 2017:1–9.
McGhee JR, Mestecky J, Dertzbaugh MT, Eldridge JH, Hirasawa M, Kiyono H. The mucosal immune system: from fundamental concepts to vaccine development. Vaccine. 1992;10(2):75–88.
Kuolee R, Chen W. M cell-targeted delivery of vaccines and therapeutics. Expert Opinion Drug Delivery. 2008;5(6):693–702.
Azizi A, Kumar A, Diaz-Mitoma F, Mestecky J. Enhancing Oral vaccine potency by targeting intestinal M cells. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6(11):e1001147.
Taira MC, Chiaramoni NS, Pecuch KM, Alonso-Romanowski S. Stability of liposomal formulations in physiological conditions for oral drug delivery. Drug Deliv. 2004;11(2):123–8.
Chen M-C, Sonaje K, Chen K-J, Sung H-W. A review of the prospects for polymeric nanoparticle platforms in oral insulin delivery. Biomaterials. 2011;32(36):9826–38.
Muheem A, Shakeel F, Jahangir MA, Anwar M, Mallick N, Jain GK, et al. A review on the strategies for oral delivery of proteins and peptides and their clinical perspectives. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 2016;24(4):413–28.
Tawfeek HM, Abdellatif AAH, Dennison TJ, Mohammed AR, Sadiq Y, Saleem IY. Colonic delivery of indometacin loaded PGA-co-PDL microparticles coated with Eudragit L100-55 from fast disintegrating tablets. Int J Pharm. 2017;531(1):80–9.
Atuma C, Strugala V, Allen A, Holm L. The adherent gastrointestinal mucus gel layer: thickness and physical state in vivo. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2001;280(5):G922–9.
Shakweh M, Ponchel G, Fattal E. Particle uptake by Peyer’s patches: a pathway for drug and vaccine delivery. Expert Opinion Drug Delivery. 2004;1(1):141–63.
Brayden DJ, Baird AW. Microparticle vaccine approaches to stimulate mucosal immunisation. Microbes Infect. 2001;3(10):867–76.
das Neves J, Amaral MH, Bahia MF. Vaginal Drug Delivery. In: Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Handbook2007.
Vanic Z, Skalko-Basnet N. Nanopharmaceuticals for improved topical vaginal therapy: can they deliver? Eur J Pharm Sci. 2013;50(1):29–41.
Meng J, Sturgis TF, Youan BB. Engineering tenofovir loaded chitosan nanoparticles to maximize microbicide mucoadhesion. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2011;44(1–2):57–67.
Patel GM, Patel PV. Novel vaginal anti-HIV drug delivery system of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Am J Pharmtech Res. 2011;1:366–83.
Peppas NA, Huang Y. Nanoscale technology of mucoadhesive interactions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2004;56(11):1675–87.
Andrews GP, Donnelly L, Jones DS, Curran RM, Morrow RJ, Woolfson AD, et al. Characterization of the rheological, Mucoadhesive, and drug release properties of highly structured gel platforms for intravaginal drug delivery. Biomacromolecules. 2009;10(9):2427–35.
McGill SL, Smyth HDC. Disruption of the mucus barrier by topically applied exogenous particles. Mol Pharm. 2010;7(6):2280–8.
Wang YY, Lai SK, So C, Schneider C, Cone R, Hanes J. Mucoadhesive nanoparticles may disrupt the protective human mucus barrier by altering its microstructure. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e21547.
Lai SK, O’Hanlon DE, Harrold S, Man ST, Wang YY, Cone R, et al. Rapid transport of large polymeric nanoparticles in fresh undiluted human mucus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(5):1482–7.
Cone RA. Barrier properties of mucus. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2009;61(2):75–85.
Ning M, Guo Y, Pan H, Yu H, Gu Z. Niosomes with sorbitan monoester as a carrier for vaginal delivery of insulin: studies in rats. Drug Deliv. 2005;12(6):399–407.
Wu SY, Chang HI, Burgess M, McMillan NA. Vaginal delivery of siRNA using a novel PEGylated lipoplex-entrapped alginate scaffold system. J Control Release. 2011;155(3):418–26.
Ensign LM, Tang BC, Wang YY, Tse TA, Hoen T, Cone R, et al. Mucus-penetrating nanoparticles for vaginal drug delivery protect against herpes simplex virus. Sci Transll Med. 2012;4(138):138ra79.
Malavia NK, Zurakowski D, Schroeder A, Princiotto AM, Laury AR, Barash HE, et al. Liposomes for HIV prophylaxis. Biomaterials. 2011;32(33):8663–8.
Wang L, Sassi AB, Patton D, Isaacs C, Moncla BJ, Gupta P, et al. Development of a liposome microbicide formulation for vaginal delivery of octylglycerol for HIV prevention. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2012;38(8):995–1007.
Mamo T, Moseman EA, Kolishetti N, Salvador-Morales C, Shi J, Kuritzkes DR, et al. Emerging nanotechnology approaches for HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention. Nanomedicine. (London, England). 2010;5(2):269–85.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kaneko, K., Osman, N., Carini, V., Scagnetti, G., Saleem, I. (2020). Overview of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Mucosal Sites for the Delivery of Nanoparticles. In: Muttil, P., Kunda, N. (eds) Mucosal Delivery of Drugs and Biologics in Nanoparticles. AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series, vol 41. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35910-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35910-2_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-35909-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-35910-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)