Skip to main content

Abstract

Peripancreatic fluid collections occur in a wide variety of pathophysiological and clinical circumstances. Acute pancreatitis is often complicated by (peri)-pancreatic fluid collections. According to the revised Atlanta classification from 2012, we differ between acute interstitial edematous and acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Acute peripancreatic fluid collections and (peri)-pancreatic pseudocysts (PPC) occur as local complications of acute interstitial edematous pancreatitis, while acute necrotizing pancreatitis can lead to acute necrotic collection and walled-off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN). Maturation of both entities, PPC and WOPN, usually requires at least 4 weeks after the onset of acute pancreatitis.

This chapter will review the therapeutic EUS-guided endoscopic and transcutaneous techniques applied in the management of pancreatic and peripancreatic fluid collections.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Banks PA, Bollen TL, Dervenis C, Gooszen HG, Johnson CD, Sarr MG, Tsiotos GG et al (2013) Classification of acute pancreatitis–2012: revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus. Gut 62:102–111

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. van Dijk SM, Hallensleben NDL, van Santvoort HC, Fockens P, van Goor H, Bruno MJ, Besselink MG et al (2017) Acute pancreatitis: recent advances through randomised trials. Gut 66:2024–2032

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. van Santvoort HC, Bakker OJ, Bollen TL, Besselink MG, Ahmed Ali U, Schrijver AM, Boermeester MA et al (2011) A conservative and minimally invasive approach to necrotizing pancreatitis improves outcome. Gastroenterology 141:1254–1263

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Trikudanathan G, Wolbrink DRJ, van Santvoort HC, Mallery S, Freeman M, Besselink MG (2019) Current concepts in severe acute and necrotizing pancreatitis: an evidence-based approach. Gastroenterology 156:1994–2007. e1993

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Baron TH, DiMaio CJ, Wang AY, Morgan KA (2020) American gastroenterological association clinical practice update: management of pancreatic necrosis. Gastroenterology 158:67–75. e61

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Fusaroli P, Jenssen C, Hocke M, Burmester E, Buscarini E, Havre RF, Ignee A et al (2016) EFSUMB guidelines on interventional ultrasound (INVUS), part V. Ultraschall Med 37:77–99

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Dietrich CF, Lorentzen T, Appelbaum L, Buscarini E, Cantisani V, Correas JM, Cui XW et al (2016) EFSUMB guidelines on interventional ultrasound (INVUS), part III - abdominal treatment procedures (short version). Ultraschall Med 37:27–45

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Dietrich CF, Lorentzen T, Appelbaum L, Buscarini E, Cantisani V, Correas JM, Cui XW et al (2016) EFSUMB guidelines on interventional ultrasound (INVUS), part III - abdominal treatment procedures (long version). Ultraschall Med 37:E1–E32

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Arvanitakis M, Dumonceau JM, Albert J, Badaoui A, Bali MA, Barthet M, Besselink M et al (2018) Endoscopic management of acute necrotizing pancreatitis: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) evidence-based multidisciplinary guidelines. Endoscopy 50:524–546

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Ross AS, Irani S, Gan SI, Rocha F, Siegal J, Fotoohi M, Hauptmann E et al (2014) Dual-modality drainage of infected and symptomatic walled-off pancreatic necrosis: long-term clinical outcomes. Gastrointest Endosc 79:929–935

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Siddiqui AA, Easler J, Strongin A, Slivka A, Kowalski TE, Muddana V, Chennat J et al (2014) Hydrogen peroxide-assisted endoscopic necrosectomy for walled-off pancreatic necrosis: a dual center pilot experience. Dig Dis Sci 59:687–690

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Abdelhafez M, Elnegouly M, Hasab Allah MS, Elshazli M, Mikhail HM, Yosry A (2013) Transluminal retroperitoneal endoscopic necrosectomy with the use of hydrogen peroxide and without external irrigation: a novel approach for the treatment of walled-off pancreatic necrosis. Surg Endosc 27:3911–3920

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Working Group IAPAPAAPG (2013) IAP/APA evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 13:e1–e15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Boxhoorn L, Fockens P, Besselink MG, Bruno MJ, van Hooft JE, Verdonk RC, Voermans RP et al (2018) Endoscopic management of infected necrotizing pancreatitis: an evidence-based approach. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 16:333–344

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Bakker OJ, Bollen TL, Gooszen HG (2011) Draining sterile fluid collections in acute pancreatitis? Primum non nocere! Surg Endosc 25:331–332

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Fusaroli P, Jenssen C, Hocke M, Burmester E, Buscarini E, Havre RF, Ignee A et al (2016) EFSUMB guidelines on interventional ultrasound (INVUS), part V - EUS-guided therapeutic interventions (short version). Ultraschall Med 37:412–420

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Polkowski M, Jenssen C, Kaye P, Carrara S, Deprez P, Gines A, Fernandez-Esparrach G et al (2017) Technical aspects of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided sampling in gastroenterology: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Technical Guideline - March 2017. Endoscopy 49:989–1006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Dumonceau JM, Deprez PH, Jenssen C, Iglesias-Garcia J, Larghi A, Vanbiervliet G, Aithal GP et al (2017) Indications, results, and clinical impact of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided sampling in gastroenterology: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Clinical Guideline - Updated January 2017. Endoscopy 49:695–714

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Lorentzen T, Nolsoe CP, Ewertsen C, Nielsen MB, Leen E, Havre RF, Gritzmann N et al (2015) EFSUMB guidelines on interventional ultrasound (INVUS), part I. General aspects (long version). Ultraschall Med 36:E1–E14

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Lorentzen T, Nolsoe CP, Ewertsen C, Nielsen MB, Leen E, Havre RF, Gritzmann N et al (2015) EFSUMB guidelines on interventional ultrasound (INVUS), part I. General aspects (short version). Ultraschall Med 36:464–472

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Holt BA, Varadarajulu S (2014) EUS-guided drainage: beware of the pancreatic fluid collection (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 80:1199–1202

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Beyer-Enke SA, Hocke M, Ignee A, Braden B, Dietrich CF (2010) Contrast enhanced transabdominal ultrasound in the characterisation of pancreatic lesions with cystic appearance. JOP 11:427–433

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Braden B, Koutsoumpas A, Silva MA, Soonawalla Z, Dietrich CF (2018) Endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage of pancreatic walled-off necrosis using self-expanding metal stents without fluoroscopy. World J Gastrointest Endosc 10:93–98

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Seifert H, Dietrich C, Schmitt T, Caspary W, Wehrmann T (2000) Endoscopic ultrasound-guided one-step transmural drainage of cystic abdominal lesions with a large-channel echo endoscope. Endoscopy 32:255–259

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Varadarajulu S, Wilcox CM, Tamhane A, Eloubeidi MA, Blakely J, Canon CL (2007) Role of EUS in drainage of peripancreatic fluid collections not amenable for endoscopic transmural drainage. Gastrointest Endosc 66:1107–1119

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Giovannini M, Pesenti C, Rolland AL, Moutardier V, Delpero JR (2001) Endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts or pancreatic abscesses using a therapeutic echo endoscope. Endoscopy 33:473–477

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Committee ASoP, Muthusamy VR, Chandrasekhara V, Acosta RD, Bruining DH, Chathadi KV, Eloubeidi MA et al (2016) The role of endoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory pancreatic fluid collections. Gastrointest Endosc 83:481–488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Rinninella E, Kunda R, Dollhopf M, Sanchez-Yague A, Will U, Tarantino I, Gornals Soler J et al (2015) EUS-guided drainage of pancreatic fluid collections using a novel lumen-apposing metal stent on an electrocautery-enhanced delivery system: a large retrospective study (with video). Gastrointest Endosc 82:1039–1046

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Braden B, Dietrich CF (2014) Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided endoscopic treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts and walled-off necrosis: new technical developments. World J Gastroenterol 20:16191–16196

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Braden B, Gupta V, Dietrich CF (2019) Therapeutic EUS: new tools, new devices, new applications. Endosc Ultrasound 8:370–381

    Google Scholar 

  31. Ahlawat SK, Charabaty-Pishvaian A, Jackson PG, Haddad NG (2006) Single-step EUS-guided pancreatic pseudocyst drainage using a large channel linear array echoendoscope and cystotome: results in 11 patients. JOP 7:616–624

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Jansen JM, Hanrath A, Rauws EA, Bruno MJ, Fockens P (2007) Intracystic wire exchange facilitating insertion of multiple stents during endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts. Gastrointest Endosc 66:157–161

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Itoi T, Binmoeller KF, Shah J, Sofuni A, Itokawa F, Kurihara T, Tsuchiya T et al (2012) Clinical evaluation of a novel lumen-apposing metal stent for endosonography-guided pancreatic pseudocyst and gallbladder drainage (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 75:870–876

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Gornals JB, De la Serna-Higuera C, Sanchez-Yague A, Loras C, Sanchez-Cantos AM, Perez-Miranda M (2013) Endosonography-guided drainage of pancreatic fluid collections with a novel lumen-apposing stent. Surg Endosc 27:1428–1434

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Patil R, Ona MA, Papafragkakis C, Anand S, Duddempudi S (2016) Endoscopic ultrasound-guided placement of AXIOS stent for drainage of pancreatic fluid collections. Ann Gastroenterol 29:168–173

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Abu Dayyeh BK, Mukewar S, Majumder S, Zaghlol R, Vargas Valls EJ, Bazerbachi F, Levy MJ et al (2018) Large-caliber metal stents versus plastic stents for the management of pancreatic walled-off necrosis. Gastrointest Endosc 87:141–149

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Shah RJ, Shah JN, Waxman I, Kowalski TE, Sanchez-Yague A, Nieto J, Brauer BC et al (2015) Safety and efficacy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage of pancreatic fluid collections with lumen-apposing covered self-expanding metal stents. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 13:747–752

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Siddiqui AA, Kowalski TE, Loren DE, Khalid A, Soomro A, Mazhar SM, Isby L et al (2017) Fully covered self-expanding metal stents versus lumen-apposing fully covered self-expanding metal stent versus plastic stents for endoscopic drainage of pancreatic walled-off necrosis: clinical outcomes and success. Gastrointest Endosc 85:758–765

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Dietrich CF, Jenssen C (2013) Endoscopic ultrasound-guided sampling in gastroenterology: European society of gastrointestinal endoscopy technical guidelines. Endosc Ultrasound 2:117–122

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Hammad T, Khan MA, Alastal Y, Lee W, Nawras A, Ismail MK, Kahaleh M (2018) Efficacy and safety of lumen-apposing metal stents in management of pancreatic fluid collections: are they better than plastic stents? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci 63:289–301

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Yoon SB, Lee IS, Choi MG (2018) Metal versus plastic stents for drainage of pancreatic fluid collection: a meta-analysis. United European Gastroenterol J 6:729–738

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Saunders R, Ramesh J, Cicconi S, Evans J, Yip VS, Raraty M, Ghaneh P et al (2019) A systematic review and meta-analysis of metal versus plastic stents for drainage of pancreatic fluid collections: metal stents are advantageous. Surg Endosc 33:1412–1425

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Chen YI, Barkun AN, Adam V, Bai G, Singh VK, Bukhari M, Gutierrez OB et al (2018) Cost-effectiveness analysis comparing lumen-apposing metal stents with plastic stents in the management of pancreatic walled-off necrosis. Gastrointest Endosc 88:267–276. e261

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Seifert H, Biermer M, Schmitt W, Jurgensen C, Will U, Gerlach R, Kreitmair C et al (2009) Transluminal endoscopic necrosectomy after acute pancreatitis: a multicentre study with long-term follow-up (the GEPARD study). Gut 58:1260–1266

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Seifert H, Faust D, Schmitt T, Dietrich C, Caspary W, Wehrmann T (2001) Transmural drainage of cystic peripancreatic lesions with a new large-channel echo endoscope. Endoscopy 33:1022–1026

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Varadarajulu S, Christein JD, Tamhane A, Drelichman ER, Wilcox CM (2008) Prospective randomized trial comparing EUS and EGD for transmural drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 68:1102–1111

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Antillon MR, Shah RJ, Stiegmann G, Chen YK (2006) Single-step EUS-guided transmural drainage of simple and complicated pancreatic pseudocysts. Gastrointest Endosc 63:797–803

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Barthet M, Sahel J, Bodiou-Bertei C, Bernard JP (1995) Endoscopic transpapillary drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts. Gastrointest Endosc 42:208–213

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Catalano MF, Geenen JE, Schmalz MJ, Johnson GK, Dean RS, Hogan WJ (1995) Treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts with ductal communication by transpapillary pancreatic duct endoprosthesis. Gastrointest Endosc 42:214–218

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Committee ASoP, Khashab MA, Chithadi KV, Acosta RD, Bruining DH, Chandrasekhara V, Eloubeidi MA et al (2015) Antibiotic prophylaxis for GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 81:81–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Yasuda I, Nakashima M, Iwai T, Isayama H, Itoi T, Hisai H, Inoue H et al (2013) Japanese multicenter experience of endoscopic necrosectomy for infected walled-off pancreatic necrosis: the JENIPaN study. Endoscopy 45:627–634

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Dong Y, Jurgensen C, Puri R, D’Onofrio M, Hocke M, Wang WP, Atkinson N et al (2018) Ultrasound imaging features of isolated pancreatic tuberculosis. Endosc Ultrasound 7:119–127

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Dong Y, D’Onofrio M, Hocke M, Jenssen C, Potthoff A, Atkinson N, Ignee A et al (2018) Autoimmune pancreatitis: imaging features. Endosc Ultrasound 7:196–203

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Sandouk F, Anand BS, Graham DY (1997) The whirlpool jet technique for removal of pancreatic duct ascaris. Gastrointest Endosc 46:180–182

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Sandouk F, Haffar S, Zada MM, Graham DY, Anand BS (1997) Pancreatic-biliary ascariasis: experience of 300 cases. Am J Gastroenterol 92:2264–2267

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Dietrich CF, Sharma M, Chaubal N, Dong Y, Cui XW, Schindler-Piontek M, Richter J et al (2017) Ascariasis imaging: pictorial essay. Z Gastroenterol 55:479–489

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Lawrence C, Howell DA, Stefan AM, Conklin DE, Lukens FJ, Martin RF, Landes A et al (2008) Disconnected pancreatic tail syndrome: potential for endoscopic therapy and results of long-term follow-up. Gastrointest Endosc 67:673–679

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Arvanitakis M, Delhaye M, Bali MA, Matos C, De Maertelaer V, Le Moine O, Deviere J (2007) Pancreatic-fluid collections: a randomized controlled trial regarding stent removal after endoscopic transmural drainage. Gastrointest Endosc 65:609–619

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christoph Frank Dietrich .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Section Editor information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Dietrich, C.F., Braden, B., Jenssen, C. (2020). EUS-Guided Drainage of Fluid Collections. In: Testoni, P.A., Inoue, H., Wallace, M.B. (eds) Gastrointestinal and Pancreatico-Biliary Diseases: Advanced Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29964-4_95-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29964-4_95-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-29964-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-29964-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics