Abstract
Herbicides are specially designed chemicals to kill unwanted plants that adversely affect the crop growth and thereby increase the nutrient requirements. Directly applied herbicide residues finally accumulate in the soil. They are found in all environmental spheres including air, water, and soil. Most of the herbicide formulations contain active ingredients and additives so as to fulfill regulatory standards without affecting their effectiveness. Nevertheless, their excessive use leads to herbicide resistance in weed plants prompting increase in the dosages. Hence, many modified, controlled release systems with reduced hazards and environmental toxicity are developed. These methods minimize the environmental impacts and aid in the sustainable development. Also, plant derived bioformulations with weedicide activities are considered as environmentally safe alternatives. Allelochemicals are plant compounds which give a survival advantage to the producers. Allelopathy has an important role in weed control and crop productivity. Since the allelochemicals are biologically active compounds, they are less disruptive to the ecosystem than synthetic herbicides. Hence, controlled release of herbicides and allelopathy are discussed as sustainable alternatives in farming practice.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Hay JR (1974) Gains to the grower from weed science. Weed Sci 22(5):439–442
Yaduraju NT (2006) Herbicide resistant crops in weed management. In: The extended summaries, golden jubilee national symposium on conservation agriculture and environment. Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, pp 26–28
Vats S (2015) Herbicides: history, classification and genetic manipulation of plants for herbicide resistance. Sustainable agriculture reviews. Springer, Cham, pp 153–192
Bifani P (1987) Socio economic aspects of technological innovation in food production systems. Developments in Agricultural and Managed-Forest Ecology (Netherlands)
Yadav A, Malik RK (2005) Herbicide resistant Phalaris minor in wheat–a sustainability issue. In: Resource book. Department of Agronomy and Directorate of Extension Education, CCSHAU, Hisar, India, 152
Farooq M, Jabran K, Cheema ZA, Wahid A, Siddique KH (2011) The role of allelopathy in agricultural pest management. Pest Manage Sci 67(5):493–506
Sopena Vazquez F, Maqueda Porras C, Morillo Gonzalez E (2009) Controlled release formulations of herbicides based on micro-encapsulation. Ciencia e investigation agraria 36:27–42
Khalid S, Ahmad T, Shad RA (2002) Use of allelopathy in agriculture. Asian J Plant Sci 1(3):292–297
Bhadoria PBS (2011) Allelopathy: a natural way towards weed management. Am J Exp Agric 1(1):7
Rao VS (2000) Principles of weed science. CRC Press, Florida
Berrada H, Font G, Molto JC (2003) Determination of urea pesticide residues in vegetable, soil, and water samples. Crit Rev Anal Chem 33(1):19–41
Boparai HK, Shea PJ, Comfort SD, Snow DD (2006) Dechlorinating chloroacetanilide herbicides by dithionite-treated aquifer sediment and surface soil. Environ Sci Technol 40(9):3043–3049
Konstantinou IK, Hela DG, Albanis TA (2006) The status of pesticide pollution in surface waters (rivers and lakes) of Greece. Part I. Review on occurrence and levels. Environ Pollution 141(3):555–570
Ribeiro ML, Lourencetti C, Pereira SY, Marchi MRRD (2007) Groundwater contamination by pesticides: preliminary evaluation. Quim Nova 30(3):688–694
Barr DB, Needham LL (2002) Analytical methods for biological monitoring of exposure to pesticides: a review. J Chromatogr B 778(1–2):5–29
Albert LA (1998) Los plaguicidas persistentes y sus efectos a largo plazo. In II Simposio Internacional sobre agricultura sostenible, México DF
Kudsk P, Streibig JC (2003) Herbicides–a two-edged sword. Weed Res 43(2):90–102
Graham JH, Myers ME (2016) Evaluation of soil applied systemic acquired resistance inducers integrated with copper bactericide sprays for control of citrus canker on bearing grapefruit trees. Crop Prot 90:157–162
Papiernik SK, Yates SR, Koskinen WC, Barber B (2007) Processes affecting the dissipation of the herbicide isoxaflutole and its diketonitrile metabolite in agricultural soils under field conditions. J Agric Food Chem 55(21):8630–8639
Shrader-Frechette K, ChoGlueck C (2017) Pesticides, neurodevelopmental disagreement, and Bradford Hill’s guidelines. Accountability Res 24(1):30–42
Vitek P, Novotna K, Hodaňová P, Rapantova B, Klem K (2017) Detection of herbicide effects on pigment composition and PSII photochemistry in Helianthus annuus by Raman spectroscopy and chlorophyll a fluorescence. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 170:234–241
Chi Y, Zhang G, Xiang Y, Cai D, Wu Z (2017) Fabrication of a temperature-controlled-release herbicide using a nanocomposite. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5(6):4969–4975
Devine MD, Eberlein CV (1997) Physiological, biochemical and molecular aspects of herbicide resistance based on altered target sites. Herbicide activity: toxicology, biochemistry and molecular biology. Springer, Berlin, pp 159–185
Devine MD, Preston C (2000) The molecular basis of herbicide resistance. 72–104; Cobb AH, RC Kirkwood. Herbicides and their mechanisms of action. England Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield. (Google Scholar)
Preston C, Mallory-Smith CA, Powles SB, Shaner DL (2001) Biochemical mechanisms, inheritance, and molecular genetics of herbicide resistance in weeds. Herbicide resistance and world grains. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp 23–60
Smeda RJ, Vaughn KC (1997) Mechanisms of resistance to herbicides. Molecular mechanisms of resistance to agrochemicals. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 79–123
Hilton HW (1957) Herbicide tolerant strains of weeds. Hawaiian sugar planters association annual report. Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association, Honolulu, HI, pp 69–72
Le Baron HM, Gressel J (eds) (1982) Herbicide resistance in plants. Wiley, London
Ryan GF (1970) Resistance of common groundsel to simazine and atrazine. Weed Sci 18(5):614–616
Radosevich SR, Appleby AP (1973) Relative susceptibility of two common groundsel (senecio vulgaris L.) biotypes to six s-triazines 1. Agron J 65(4):553–555
Pline WA, Hatzios KK, Hagood ES (2000) Weed and herbicide-resistant soybean (Glycine max) response to glufosinate and glyphosate plus ammonium sulfate and pelargonic acid. Weed Technol 14(4):667–674
Pollegioni L, Schonbrunn E, Siehl D (2011) Molecular basis of glyphosate resistance–different approaches through protein engineering. FEBS J 278(16):2753–2766
Grillo R, Santo Pereira ADE, de Melo NFS, Porto RM, Feitosa LO, Tonello PS, … Fraceto LF (2011) Controlled release system for amteryn using polymer microspheres: preparation, characterization and release kinetics in water. J Hazard Mater 186(2–3): 1645–1651
Tsuji K (2001) Microencapsulation of pesticides and their improved handling safety. J Microencapsul 18(2):137–147
Mulqueen P (2003) Recent advances in agrochemical formulation. Adv Coll Interface Sci 106(1–3):83–107
Zabkiewicz JA (2000) Adjuvants and herbicidal efficacy-present status and future prospects. Weed Res Oxford 40(1):139–149
Derr JF (1994) Innovative herbicide application methods and their potential for use in the nursery and landscape industries. Hort Technol 4(4):345–350
Hagood ES, Swann CW, Wilson HP, Ritter RL, Webb FJ (1992) Weed control in forage crops. Pest management guide for field crops. Virginia Cooperative Extension, Serv Publication, pp 456–016
Smith AE, Verma BP (1977) Weed control in nursery stock by controlled release of alachlor. Weed Sci 25(2):175–178
Verma BP, Smith AE (1978) Slow release herbicide tablets for container nursery. Trans ASAE 21(6):1054–1059
Verma BP, Smith AE (1981) Dry-pressed slow release herbicide tablets. Trans ASAE 24(6): 1400–1403; Danielson LL (1967) Evaluation of herbicide-impregnated cloth. Weeds 15(1): 60–62
Koncal JJ, Gorske SF, Fretz TA (1981) Leaching of EPTC, alachlor, and metolachlor through a nursery medium as influenced by herbicide formulations. HortScience
Ruizzo MA, Smith EM, Gorske SF (1983) Evaluations of herbicides in slow-release formulations for container-grown landscape crops. J Am Soc Hortic Sci
Baur JR (1980) Release characteristics of starch xanthide herbicide formulations 1. J Environ Qual 9(3):379–382
Raboy V, Hopen HJ (1982) Effectiveness of starch xanthide formulations of chloramben for weed control in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata). Weed Sci 30(2):169–174
Riggle BD, Penner D (1987) Evaluation of pine kraft lignins for controlled release of alachlor and metribuzin. Weed Sci 35(2):243–246
Riggle BD, Penner D (1988) Controlled release of three herbicides by the kraft lignin PC940C. Weed Sci 36(2):131–136
Schreiber MM, White MD, Wing RE, Trimnell D, Shasha BS (1988) Bioactivity of controlled release formulations of starch-encapsulated EPTC. J Controlled Release 7(3):237–242
White MD, Schreiber MM (1984) Herbicidal activity of starch encapsulated trifluralin. Weed Sci 32(3):387–394
Appleton B, Derr J (1990) A multiple chemical delivery system for container grown nursery stock, vol 35. In: Proceedings Southern Nurserymen’s association research conference, pp 68–70
Wells DW, Constantin RJ, Brown WL (1987) Weed control innovations for large, container grown ornamentals. In: Proceedings—southern weed science society 40: 137
Danielson LL (1967) Evaluation of herbicide-impregnated cloth. Weeds 15(1):60–62
Hamill AS, Layne REC, Von Stryk FG (1975) Weed control in a fruit tree nursery with herbicide-impregnated string [Peaches, apricots]. HortScience (USA)
Lanphear FO (1968) Incorporation of dichlobenil in mulches. Weed Sci 16(2):230–231
Vasilakoglou IB, Eleftherohorinos IG (2003) Persistence, efficacy, and selectivity of amide herbicides in corn. Weed Technol 17(2):381–388
Gorski SF (1993) Slow-release delivery system for herbicides in container-grown stock. Weed Technol 7(4):894–899
Johnson RM, Pepperman AB (1996) Leaching of alachlor from alginate-encapsulated controlled-release formulations. Pestic Sci 48(2):157–164
Mullin CA, Fine JD, Reynolds RD, Frazier MT (2016) Toxicological risks of agrochemical spray adjuvants: organosilicone surfactants may not be safe. Frontiers Publ Health 4:92
Kaiser H (2014) Stomatal uptake of mineral particles from a sprayed suspension containing an organosilicone surfactant. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 177(6):869–874
Xiang Y, Wang M, Sun X, Cai D, Wu Z (2014) Controlling pesticide loss through nanonetworks. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2(4):918–924
Wang M, Sun X, Zhong N, Cai D, Wu Z (2015) Promising approach for improving adhesion capacity of foliar nitrogen fertilizer. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 3(3):499–506
Cai D, Wang L, Zhang G, Zhang X, Wu Z (2013) Controlling pesticide loss by natural porous micro/nano composites: straw ash-based biochar and biosilica. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5(18):9212–9216
Rudzinski WE, Dave AM, Vaishnav UH, Kumbar SG, Kulkarni AR, Aminabhavi TM (2002) Hydrogels as controlled release devices in agriculture. Des Monomers Polym 5(1):39–65
Remuñán-López C. y Alonso-Fernández MJ (1997) Microencapsulación de medicamentos. TecnologÃa farmacéutica. Formas farmacéuticas, 1, pp 577–609
Arshady R (eds). (1999a) Microspheres microcapsules & liposomes: preparation & chemical applications. Citus Books
Arshady R (1999b) Manufacturing methodology of microcapsules. MML SERIES, 1: 279
Faria DM, Junior D, Macias S, Nascimento JPLD, Nunes EDS, Marques RP, … Moreto JA (2017) Development and evaluation of a controlled release system of TBH herbicide using alginate microparticles. Mater Res 20(1): 225–235
Zhu Z, Zhuo R (2001) Controlled release of carboxylic-containing herbicides by starch-g-poly (butyl acrylate). J Appl Polym Sci 81(6):1535–1543
Shasha BS, Trimnell D, Otey FH (1984) Starch–borate complexes for EPTC encapsulation. J Appl Polym Sci 29(1):67–73
Wing RE, Otey FH (1983) Determination of reaction variables for the starch xanthide encapsulation of pesticides. J Polym Sci Polym Chem Ed 21(1):121–140
Wing RE, Shasha BS (1983) Encapsulation of organic chemicals within starch matrix: an undergraduate laboratory experiment. J Chem Educ 60(3):247
Shasha BS, Trimnell D, Otey FH (1981) Encapsulation of pesticides in a starch- calcium adduct. J Polym Sci Polym Chem Ed 19(8):1891–1899
Wing RE, Maiti S, Doane WM (1987) Factors affecting release of butylate from calcium ion-modified starch-borate matrices. J Controlled Release 5(1):79–89
Trimnell D, Shasha BS, Wing RE, Otey FH (1982) Pesticide encapsulation using a starch–borate complex as wall material. J Appl Polym Sci 27(10):3919–3928
Wing RE, Carr ME, Doane WM, Schreiber MM (1992) Starch encapsulated herbicide formulations: scale-up and laboratory evaluations. In: Pesticide formulations and application systems, vol 11. ASTM International, Pennsylvania
Trimnell D, Shasha BS (1988) Entrapment of herbicides in starch for spray applications. J Controlled Release 7(3):263–268
Tefft J, Friend DR (1993) Controlled release herbicide formulations based on polymeric microspheres. J Controlled Release 27(1):27–35
Campos EVR, de Oliveira JL, Fraceto LF (2014) Applications of controlled release systems for fungicides, herbicides, acaricides, nutrients, and plant growth hormones: a review. Adv Sci Eng Med 6(4):373–387
Junior SD, Nunes ES, Marques RP, Rossino LS, Quites FJ, Siqueira JR, Moreto JA (2017) Controlled release behavior of sulfentrazone herbicide encapsulated in Ca-ALG microparticles: preparation, characterization, mathematical modeling and release tests in field trial weed control. J Mater Sci 52(16):9491–9507
Mehltretter CL, Roth WB, Weakley FB, McGuire TA, Russell CR (1974) Potential controlled-release herbicides from 2, 4-D esters of starches. Weed Sci 22(5):415–418
Zhila N, Murueva A, Shershneva A, Shishatskaya E, Volova T (2017) Herbicidal activity of slow-release herbicide formulations in wheat stands infested by weeds. J Environ Sci Health Part B 52(10):729–735
Li J, Li Y, Dong H (2008) Controlled release of herbicide acetochlor from clay/carboxyl methylcellulose gel formulations. J Agric Food Chem 56(4):1336–1342
Khanh TD, Chung IM, Tawata S, Xuan TD (2007) Allelopathy for weed management in sustainable agriculture. Health 1(2)
Zeng RS (2014) Allelopathy-the solution is indirect. J Chem Ecol 40(6):515
Anonymous (1996) International allelopathy society. First World Congress on allelopathy: a science for future, Cadiz, Spain
Macias FA, Oliva RM, Simonet AM, Galindo JCG (1998) What are allelochemicals. In: Allelopathy in rice. Proceedings of the workshop on allelopathy in rice, 25–27 Nov 1996, pp 69–79
MacÃas FA, MarÃn D, Oliveros-Bastidas A, Varela RM, Simonet AM, Carrera C, Molinillo JM (2003) Allelopathy as a new strategy for sustainable ecosystems development. Biol Sci Space 17(1):18–23
Duke SO (1986) Naturally occurring chemical compounds as herbicides. Rev Weed Sci 2:17–65
Kim KU (1993) Integrated management of paddy weeds in Korea, with an emphasis on allelopathy. Allelopathy in the control of paddy weeds. Technical Bulletin 134:8–23
Smith RJ (1993) Biological controls as components of integrated weed management for rice in the United States. ASPAC, Food & Fertilizer Technology Center
Breland TA (1996) Phytotoxic effects of fresh and decomposing cover crop residues. Norwegian J Agric Sci Norway 10:355–362
O’connell PF (1992) Sustainable agriculture-a valid alternative. Outlook Agric 21(1):5–12
Anaya-Lang AL (1989) The role the allelochemicals in the management of natural resources. Botanical Sci 49:85–98
Duke SO, Lydon J (1987) Herbicides from natural compounds. Weed Technol 1(2):122–128
Towers GHN, Arnason JT (1988) Photodynamic herbicides. Weed Technol 2(4):545–549
Macias FA (1995) Allelopathy in the search for natural herbicide models
Nie C, Luo S, Zeng R, Mo M, Li H, Lin C (2005) Allelopathic potential of Wedelia trilobata L.: effects on germination, growth and physiological parameters of rice. In: 4th World Congress on allelopathy
Rensen Z, Xianglian L, Shiming L (1994) Studies on the allelopathic effects of Wedelia Chinensis aqueous extraction. J South China Agric Univ 4: 26–30
Luo SM, Lin XL, Zeng RS, Kong CH, Cao PR, Wei Q, Deng LG (1995) Allelopathy of typical plants in agroecosystem of South China. Ecol Sci 2:114–128
Laughlin RG, Munyon RL, Ries SK, Wert VF (1983) Growth enhancement of plants by femtomole doses of colloidally dispersed triacontanol. Science 219(4589):1219–1221
Maugh TH (1981) The natural occurring brassionoide in the plant species. Science 212:33–34
Rizvi SJH, Rizvi V (1992) Exploitation of allelochemicals in improving crop productivity. Allelopathy. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 443–472
Worsham AD (1989) Current and potential technique using allelopathy as an aid in weed management. Phytochemical ecology: allelochemicals, mycotoxins, insect pheromones and allomones
Gleason FK (1990) The natural herbicide, Cyanobacterin, specifically disrupts thylakoid membrane structure in Euglena gracilis strain Z. FEMS Microbiol Lett 68(1–2):77–81
Duke SO, Vaughn KC, Croom EM, Elsohly HN (1987) Artemisinin, a constituent of annual wormwood (Artemisia annua), is a selective phytotoxin. Weed Sci 35(4):499–505
Einhellig FA (1996) Interactions involving allelopathy in cropping systems. Agron J 88(6):886–893
Collins RL, Doglia S, Mazak RA, Samulski ET (1973) Controlled release of herbicides—theory. Weed Sci 21(1):1–5
Einhellig FA (2018) Allelopathy—a natural protection, allelochemicals. Handbook of natural pesticides: methods. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 161–200
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Shahena, S., Rajan, M., Chandran, V., Mathew, L. (2020). Controlled Release Herbicides and Allelopathy as Sustainable Alternatives in Crop Production. In: K. R., R., Thomas, S., Volova, T., K., J. (eds) Controlled Release of Pesticides for Sustainable Agriculture. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23396-9_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23396-9_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-23395-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-23396-9
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)