Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Rational Combinations of Polymyxins with Other Antibiotics

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Polymyxin Antibiotics: From Laboratory Bench to Bedside

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1145))

Abstract

Combinations of antimicrobial agents are often used in the management of infectious diseases. Antimicrobial agents used as part of combination therapy are often selected empirically. As regrowth and the emergence of polymyxin (either colistin or polymyxin B) resistance has been observed with polymyxin monotherapy, polymyxin combination therapy has been suggested as a possible means by which to increase antimicrobial activity and reduce the development of resistance. This chapter provides an overview of preclinical and clinical investigations of CMS/colistin and polymyxin B combination therapy. In vitro data and animal model data suggests a potential clinical benefit with many drug combinations containing clinically achievable concentrations of polymyxins, even when resistance to one or more of the drugs in combination is present and including antibiotics normally inactive against Gram-negative organisms. The growing body of data on the emergence of polymyxin resistance with monotherapy lends theoretical support to a benefit with combination therapy. Benefits include enhanced bacterial killing and a suppression of polymyxin resistant subpopulations. However, the complexity of the critically ill patient population, and high rates of treatment failure and death irrespective of infection-related outcome make demonstrating a potential benefit for polymyxin combinations extremely challenging. Polymyxin combination therapy in the clinic remains a heavily debated and controversial topic. When combinations are selected, optimizing the dosage regimens for the polymyxin and the combinatorial agent is critical to ensure that the benefits outweigh the risk of the development of toxicity. Importantly, patient characteristics, pharmacokinetics, the site of infection, pathogen and resistance mechanism must be taken into account to define optimal and rational polymyxin combination regimens in the clinic.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Abdul Rahim N, Cheah SE, Johnson MD, Yu H, Sidjabat HE, Boyce J, Butler MS, Cooper MA, Fu J, Paterson DL, Nation RL, Bergen PJ, Velkov T, Li J (2015) Synergistic killing of NDM-producing MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae by two ‘old’ antibiotics-polymyxin B and chloramphenicol. J Antimicrob Chemother 70:2589–2597

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Adams EK, Ashcraft DS, Pankey GA (2016) In vitro synergistic activity of caspofungin plus polymyxin B against fluconazole-resistant Candida glabrata. Am J Med Sci 351:265–270

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Al-Sweih NA, Al-Hubail MA, Rotimi VO (2011) Emergence of tigecycline and colistin resistance in acinetobacter species isolated from patients in Kuwait hospitals. J Chemother 23:13–16

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Albur M, Noel A, Bowker K, Macgowan A (2012) Bactericidal activity of multiple combinations of tigecycline and colistin against NDM-1-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56:3441–3443

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Albur MS, Noel A, Bowker K, Macgowan A (2015) The combination of colistin and fosfomycin is synergistic against NDM-1-producing Enterobacteriaceae in in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model experiments. Int J Antimicrob Agents 46:560–567

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Anonymous (2011) Instructions to authors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55:1–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Antoniadou A, Kontopidou F, Poulakou G, Koratzanis E, Galani I, Papadomichelakis E, Kopterides P, Souli M, Armaganidis A, Giamarellou H (2007) Colistin-resistant isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae emerging in intensive care unit patients: first report of a multiclonal cluster. J Antimicrob Chemother 59:786–790

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Aoki N, Tateda K, Kikuchi Y, Kimura S, Miyazaki C, Ishii Y, Tanabe Y, Gejyo F, Yamaguchi K (2009) Efficacy of colistin combination therapy in a mouse model of pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Antimicrob Chemother 63:534–542

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Attridge RT, Carden MF, Padilla S, Nathisuwan S, Burgess DS (2008) Colistin and rifampicin alone and in combination against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii using an in vitro PK-PD model (abstract C1-1053, p69). In: Abstracts of the 48th annual interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy (ICAAC), Washington, DC, October 25–28. American Society for Microbiology

    Google Scholar 

  10. Aydemir H, Akduman D, Piskin N, Comert F, Horuz E, Terzi A, Kokturk F, Ornek T, Celebi G (2013) Colistin vs. the combination of colistin and rifampicin for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia. Epidemiol Infect 141:1214–1222

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Batirel A, Balkan I, Karabay O, Agalar C, Akalin S, Alici O, Alp E, Altay FA, Altin N, Arslan F, Aslan T, Bekiroglu N, Cesur S, Celik AD, Dogan M, Durdu B, Duygu F, Engin A, Engin DO, Gonen I, Guclu E, Guven T, Hatipoglu CA, Hosoglu S, Karahocagil MK, Kilic AU, Ormen B, Ozdemir D, Ozer S, Oztoprak N, Sezak N, Turhan V, Turker N, Yilmaz H (2014) Comparison of colistin-carbapenem, colistin-sulbactam, and colistin plus other antibacterial agents for the treatment of extremely drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 33(8):1311–1322

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bergen PJ, Bulitta JB, Forrest A, Tsuji BT, Li J, Nation RL (2010) Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic investigation of colistin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa using an in vitro model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:3783–3789

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Bergen PJ, Forrest A, Bulitta JB, Tsuji BT, Sidjabat HE, Paterson DL, Li J, Nation RL (2011) Clinically relevant plasma concentrations of colistin in combination with imipenem enhance pharmacodynamic activity against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa at multiple inocula. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55:5134–5142

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Bergen PJ, Li J, Nation RL, Turnidge JD, Coulthard K, Milne RW (2008) Comparison of once-, twice- and thrice-daily dosing of colistin on antibacterial effect and emergence of resistance: studies with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. J Antimicrob Chemother 61:636–642

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bergen PJ, Li J, Rayner CR, Nation RL (2006) Colistin methanesulfonate is an inactive prodrug of colistin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:1953–1958

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Bergen PJ, Tsuji BT, Bulitta JB, Forrest A, Jacob J, Sidjabat HE, Paterson DL, Nation RL, Li J (2011) Synergistic killing of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa at multiple inocula by colistin combined with doripenem in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55:5685–5695

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Betrosian AP, Frantzeskaki F, Xanthaki A, Georgiadis G (2007) High-dose ampicillin-sulbactam as an alternative treatment of late-onset VAP from multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Scand J Infect Dis 39:38–43

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Betts JW, Phee LM, Hornsey M, Woodford N, Wareham DW (2014) In vitro and in vivo activity of tigecycline/colistin combination therapies against carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:3541–3546

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Betts JW, Phee LM, Woodford N, Wareham DW (2014) Activity of colistin in combination with tigecycline or rifampicin against multidrug-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 33(9):1565–1572

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Bhavnani SM, Hammel JP, Cirincione BB, Wikler MA, Ambrose PG (2005) Use of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic target attainment analyses to support phase 2 and 3 dosing strategies for doripenem. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:3944–3947

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Blaser J (1985) In-vitro model for simultaneous simulation of the serum kinetics of two drugs with different half-lives. J Antimicrob Chemother 15(Suppl A):125–130

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bulitta JB, Landersdorfer CB, Forrest A, Brown SV, Neely MN, Tsuji BT, Louie A (2011) Relevance of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling to clinical care of critically ill patients. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 12:2044–2061

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Bulitta JB, Li J, Poudyal A, Yu HH, Owen RJ, Tsuji BT, Nation RL, Forrest A (2009) Quantifying synergy of colistin combinations against MDR Gram-negatives by mechanism-based models (abstract A1-573, p41). In: Abstracts of the 49th annual interscience conference of antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy (ICAAC), San Francisco, CA, September 12–15. American Society for Microbiology

    Google Scholar 

  24. Bulitta JB, Yang JC, Yohonn L, Ly NS, Brown SV, D’Hondt RE, Jusko WJ, Forrest A, Tsuji BT (2010) Attenuation of colistin bactericidal activity by high inoculum of Pseudomonas aeruginosa characterized by a new mechanism-based population pharmacodynamic model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:2051–2062

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Bulman ZP, Ly NS, Lenhard JR, Holden PN, Bulitta JB, Tsuji BT (2017) Influence of rhlR and lasR on polymyxin pharmacodynamics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and implications for quorum sensing inhibition with azithromycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 61(4):pii: e00096-16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Bulman ZP, Sutton MD, Ly NS, Bulitta JB, Holden PN, Nation RL, Li J, Tsuji BT (2015) Emergence of polymyxin B resistance influences pathogenicity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutators. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59:4343–4346

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Cai X, Yang Z, Dai J, Chen K, Zhang L, Ni W, Wei C, Cui J (2017) Pharmacodynamics of tigecycline alone and in combination with colistin against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Int J Antimicrob Agents 49:609–616

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Cappelletty DM, Rybak MJ (1996) Comparison of methodologies for synergism testing of drug combinations against resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40:677–683

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Cavalcanti AB, Goncalves AR, Almeida CS, Bugano DD, Silva E (2010) Teicoplanin versus vancomycin for proven or suspected infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007022.pub2

  30. Ceccarelli G, Falcone M, Giordano A, Mezzatesta ML, Caio C, Stefani S, Venditti M (2013) Successful ertapenem-doripenem combination treatment of bacteremic ventilator-associated pneumonia due to colistin-resistant KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:2900–2901

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Champion OL, Cooper IA, James SL, Ford D, Karlyshev A, Wren BW, Duffield M, Oyston PC, Titball RW (2009) Galleria mellonella as an alternative infection model for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Microbiology 155:1516–1522

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Choi MJ, Ko KS (2013) Mutant prevention concentrations of colistin for Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother 69(1):275–277

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Cirioni O, Ghiselli R, Orlando F, Silvestri C, Mocchegiani F, Rocchi M, Chiodi L, Abbruzzetti A, Saba V, Scalise G, Giacometti A (2007) Efficacy of colistin/rifampin combination in experimental rat models of sepsis due to a multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain. Crit Care Med 35:1717–1723

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Cirioni O, Ghiselli R, Silvestri C, Kamysz W, Orlando F, Mocchegiani F, Di Matteo F, Riva A, Lukasiak J, Scalise G, Saba V, Giacometti A (2007) Efficacy of tachyplesin III, colistin, and imipenem against a multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:2005–2010

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Cirioni O, Simonetti O, Pierpaoli E, Barucca A, Ghiselli R, Orlando F, Pelloni M, Trombettoni MM, Guerrieri M, Offidani A, Giacometti A, Provinciali M (2016) Colistin enhances therapeutic efficacy of daptomycin or teicoplanin in a murine model of multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii sepsis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 86:392–398

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Clancy CJ, Chen L, Hong JH, Cheng S, Hao B, Shields RK, Farrell AN, Doi Y, Zhao Y, Perlin DS, Kreiswirth BN, Nguyen MH (2013) Mutations of the ompK36 porin gene and promoter impact responses of sequence type 258, KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains to doripenem and doripenem-colistin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:5258–5265

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Cobo J, Morosini MI, Pintado V, Tato M, Samaranch N, Baquero F, Canton R (2008) Use of tigecycline for the treatment of prolonged bacteremia due to a multiresistant VIM-1 and SHV-12 beta – lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae epidemic clone. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 60:319–322

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Conway SP, Pond MN, Watson A, Etherington C, Robey HL, Goldman MH (1997) Intravenous colistin sulphomethate in acute respiratory exacerbations in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 52:987–993

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Cordoba J, Coronado-Alvarez NM, Parra D, Parra-Ruiz J (2015) In vitro activities of novel antimicrobial combinations against extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59:7316–7319

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Corvec S, Furustrand Tafin U, Betrisey B, Borens O, Trampuz A (2013) Activities of fosfomycin, tigecycline, colistin, and gentamicin against extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in a foreign-body infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:1421–1427

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Greenberg EP (1999) Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science 284:1318–1322

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Daikos G, Markogiannakis A (2011) Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: (when) might we still consider treating with carbapenems? Clin Microbiol Infect 17:1135–1141

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Dalfino L, Puntillo F, Mosca A, Monno R, Spada ML, Coppolecchia S, Miragliotta G, Bruno F, Brienza N (2012) High-dose, extended-interval colistin administration in critically ill patients: is this the right dosing strategy? A preliminary study. Clin Infect Dis 54:1720–1726

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Demiraslan H, Dinc G, Ahmed SS, Elmali F, Metan G, Alp E, Doganay M (2013) Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae sepsis in corticosteroid receipt mice: tigecycline or colistin monotherapy versus tigecycline/colistin combination. J Chemother 26(5):276–281. https://doi.org/10.1179/1973947813Y.0000000143

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Deris ZZ, Yu HH, Davis K, Soon RL, Jacob J, Ku CK, Poudyal A, Bergen PJ, Tsuji BT, Bulitta JB, Forrest A, Paterson DL, Velkov T, Li J, Nation RL (2012) The combination of colistin and doripenem is synergistic against Klebsiella pneumoniae at multiple inocula and suppresses colistin resistance in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56:5103–5112

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Di X, Wang R, Liu B, Zhang X, Ni W, Wang J, Liang B, Cai Y, Liu Y (2015) In vitro activity of fosfomycin in combination with colistin against clinical isolates of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomas aeruginosa. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 68:551–555

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Dinc G, Demiraslan H, Elmali F, Ahmed SS, Metan G, Alp E, Doganay M (2014) Efficacy of sulbactam and its combination with imipenem, colistin and tigecycline in an experimental model of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii sepsis. Chemotherapy 59:325–329

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Donlan RM (2002) Biofilms: microbial life on surfaces. Emerg Infect Dis 8:881–890

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Dubrovskaya Y, Chen TY, Scipione MR, Esaian D, Phillips MS, Papadopoulos J, Mehta SA (2013) Risk factors for treatment failure of polymyxin B monotherapy for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:5394–5397

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Dudhani RV, Turnidge JD, Nation RL, Li J (2010) fAUC/MIC is the most predictive pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic index of colistin against Acinetobacter baumannii in murine thigh and lung infection models. J Antimicrob Chemother 65:1984–1990

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Durante-Mangoni E, Signoriello G, Andini R, Mattei A, De Cristoforo M, Murino P, Bassetti M, Malacarne P, Petrosillo N, Galdieri N, Mocavero P, Corcione A, Viscoli C, Zarrilli R, Gallo C, Utili R (2013) Colistin and rifampicin compared with colistin alone for the treatment of serious infections due to extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: a multicenter, randomized clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis 57:349–358

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Elias LS, Konzen D, Krebs JM, Zavascki AP (2010) The impact of polymyxin B dosage on in-hospital mortality of patients treated with this antibiotic. J Antimicrob Chemother 65:2231–2237

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Entenza JM, Moreillon P (2009) Tigecycline in combination with other antimicrobials: a review of in vitro, animal and case report studies. Int J Antimicrob Agents 34(8):e1–e9

    Google Scholar 

  54. Falagas ME, Bliziotis IA, Kasiakou SK, Samonis G, Athanassopoulou P, Michalopoulos A (2005) Outcome of infections due to pandrug-resistant (PDR) Gram-negative bacteria. BMC Infect Dis 5:24

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Falagas ME, Rafailidis PI, Ioannidou E, Alexiou VG, Matthaiou DK, Karageorgopoulos DE, Kapaskelis A, Nikita D, Michalopoulos A (2010) Colistin therapy for microbiologically documented multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections: a retrospective cohort study of 258 patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 35:194–199

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Falagas ME, Rafailidis PI, Kasiakou SK, Hatzopoulou P, Michalopoulos A (2006) Effectiveness and nephrotoxicity of colistin monotherapy vs. colistin-meropenem combination therapy for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 12:1227–1230

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Falagas ME, Rafailidis PI, Matthaiou DK, Virtzili S, Nikita D, Michalopoulos A (2008) Pandrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii infections: characteristics and outcome in a series of 28 patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 32:450–454

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Fan B, Guan J, Wang X, Cong Y (2016) Activity of colistin in combination with meropenem, tigecycline, fosfomycin, fusidic acid, rifampin or sulbactam against extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a murine thigh-infection model. PLoS One 11:e0157757

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Furtado GHC, D’Azevedo PA, Santos AF, Gales AC, Pignatari ACC, Medeiros EAS (2007) Intravenous polymyxin B for the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Antimicrob Agents 30:315–319

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Gaibani P, Lombardo D, Lewis RE, Mercuri M, Bonora S, Landini MP, Ambretti S (2014) In vitro activity and post-antibiotic effects of colistin in combination with other antimicrobials against colistin-resistant KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother 69(7):1856–1865

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Galani I, Orlandou K, Moraitou H, Petrikkos G, Souli M (2014) Colistin/daptomycin: an unconventional antimicrobial combination synergistic in vitro against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Int J Antimicrob Agents 43:370–374

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Garnacho-Montero J, Amaya-Villar R, Gutierrez-Pizarraya A, Espejo-Gutierrez De Tena E, Artero-Gonzalez ML, Corcia-Palomo Y, Bautista-Paloma J (2013) Clinical efficacy and safety of the combination of colistin plus vancomycin for the treatment of severe infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Chemotherapy 59:225–231

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Garonzik SM, Li J, Thamlikitkul V, Paterson DL, Shoham S, Jacob J, Silveira FP, Forrest A, Nation RL (2011) Population pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate and formed colistin in critically ill patients from a multicenter study provide dosing suggestions for various categories of patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55:3284–3294

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Giacometti A, Cirioni O, Ghiselli R, Orlando F, Mocchegiani F, D’Amato G, Silvestri C, Riva A, Del Prete MS, Saba V, Scalise G (2003) Antiendotoxin activity of antimicrobial peptides and glycopeptides. J Chemother 15:129–133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Gloede J, Scheerans C, Derendorf H, Kloft C (2010) In vitro pharmacodynamic models to determine the effect of antibacterial drugs. J Antimicrob Chemother 65:186–201

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Gordon NC, Png K, Wareham DW (2010) Potent synergy and sustained bactericidal activity of a vancomycin-colistin combination versus multidrug-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:5316–5322

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Gunderson BW, Ibrahim KH, Hovde LB, Fromm TL, Reed MD, Rotschafer JC (2003) Synergistic activity of colistin and ceftazidime against multiantibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:905–909

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Hagihara M, Housman ST, Nicolau DP, Kuti JL (2014) In vitro pharmacodynamics of polymyxin B and tigecycline alone and in combination against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:874–879

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Hengzhuang W, Wu H, Ciofu O, Song Z, Hoiby N (2011) Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of colistin and imipenem on mucoid and nonmucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55:4469–4474

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Hengzhuang W, Wu H, Ciofu O, Song Z, Hoiby N (2012) In vivo pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of colistin and imipenem in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56:2683–2690

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Henry R, Vithanage N, Harrison P, Seemann T, Coutts S, Moffatt JH, Nation RL, Li J, Harper M, Adler B, Boyce JD (2012) Colistin-resistant, lipopolysaccharide-deficient Acinetobacter baumannii responds to lipopolysaccharide loss through increased expression of genes involved in the synthesis and transport of lipoproteins, phospholipids, and poly-beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosamine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56:59–69

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Herrmann G, Yang L, Wu H, Song Z, Wang H, Hoiby N, Ulrich M, Molin S, Riethmuller J, Doring G (2010) Colistin-tobramycin combinations are superior to monotherapy concerning the killing of biofilm Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Infect Dis 202:1585–1592

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Hornsey M, Phee L, Longshaw C, Wareham DW (2013) In vivo efficacy of telavancin/colistin combination therapy in a Galleria mellonella model of Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents 41:285–287

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Hornsey M, Wareham DW (2011) In vivo efficacy of glycopeptide-colistin combination therapies in a Galleria mellonella model of Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55:3534–3537

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Imberti R, Cusato M, Villani P, Carnevale L, Iotti GA, Langer M, Regazzi M (2010) Steady-state pharmacokinetics and BAL concentration of colistin in critically Ill patients after IV colistin methanesulfonate administration. Chest 138:1333–1339

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Jander G, Rahme LG, Ausubel FM (2000) Positive correlation between virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants in mice and insects. J Bacteriol 182:3843–3845

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Johansen HK, Moskowitz SM, Ciofu O, Pressler T, Hoiby N (2008) Spread of colistin resistant non-mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa among chronically infected Danish cystic fibrosis patients. J Cyst Fibros 7:391–397

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Kasiakou SK, Michalopoulos A, Soteriades ES, Samonis G, Sermaides GJ, Falagas ME (2005) Combination therapy with intravenous colistin for management of infections due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in patients without cystic fibrosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:3136–3146

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Kaye KS, Pogue JM, Tran TB, Nation RL, Li J (2016) Agents of last resort: polymyxin resistance. Infect Dis Clin N Am 30:391–414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Ku YH, Chen CC, Lee MF, Chuang YC, Tang HJ, Yu WL (2017) Comparison of synergism between colistin, fosfomycin and tigecycline against extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates or with carbapenem resistance. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 50(6):931–939

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Kwa AL, Lim TP, Low JG, Hou J, Kurup A, Prince RA, Tam VH (2008) Pharmacokinetics of polymyxin B1 in patients with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 60:163–167

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Lagerback P, Khine WW, Giske CG, Tangden T (2016) Evaluation of antibacterial activities of colistin, rifampicin and meropenem combinations against NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in 24 h in vitro time-kill experiments. J Antimicrob Chemother 71:2321–2325

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Lee GC, Burgess DS (2013) Polymyxins and doripenem combination against KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Clin Med Res 5:97–100

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Lee HJ, Bergen PJ, Bulitta JB, Tsuji B, Forrest A, Nation RL, Li J (2013) Synergistic activity of colistin and rifampin combination against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:3738–3745

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Lee J, Han S, Jeon S, Hong T, Song W, Woo H, Yim DS (2013) Population pharmacokinetic analysis of colistin in burn patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:2141–2146

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Lee JY, Song JH, Ko KS (2011) Identification of nonclonal Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates with reduced colistin susceptibility in Korea. Microb Drug Resist 17:299–304

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Leite GC, Oliveira MS, Perdigao-Neto LV, Rocha CK, Guimaraes T, Rizek C, Levin AS, Costa SF (2016) Antimicrobial combinations against pan-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates with different resistance mechanisms. PLoS One 11:e0151270

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Lenhard JR, Smith NM, Bulman ZP, Tao X, Thamlikitkul V, Shin BS, Nation RL, Li J, Bulitta JB, Tsuji BT (2017) High dose ampicillin/sulbactam combinations combat polymyxin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a hollow-fiber infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 61(3):pii: e01268-16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Lenhard JR, Thamlikitkul V, Silveira FP, Garonzik SM, Tao X, Forrest A, Soo Shin B, Kaye KS, Bulitta JB, Nation RL, Li J, Tsuji BT (2017) Polymyxin-resistant, carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is eradicated by a triple combination of agents that lack individual activity. J Antimicrob Chemother 72:1415–1420

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Li J, Coulthard K, Milne R, Nation RL, Conway S, Peckham D, Etherington C, Turnidge J (2003) Steady-state pharmacokinetics of intravenous colistin methanesulphonate in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 52:987–992

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Li J, Milne RW, Nation RL, Turnidge JD, Coulthard K (2003) Stability of colistin and colistin methanesulfonate in aqueous media and plasma as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:1364–1370

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Li J, Nation RL, Owen RJ, Wong S, Spelman D, Franklin C (2007) Antibiograms of multidrug-resistant clinical Acinetobacter baumannii: promising therapeutic options for treatment of infection with colistin-resistant strains. Clin Infect Dis 45:594–598

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Li J, Rayner CR, Nation RL, Owen RJ, Spelman D, Tan KE, Liolios L (2006) Heteroresistance to colistin in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:2946–2950

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Liang W, Liu XF, Huang J, Zhu DM, Li J, Zhang J (2011) Activities of colistin- and minocycline-based combinations against extensive drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from intensive care unit patients. BMC Infect Dis 11:109

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Lim TP, Tan TY, Lee W, Sasikala S, Tan TT, Hsu LY, Kwa AL (2009) In vitro activity of various combinations of antimicrobials against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter species in Singapore. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 62:675–679

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Lin KH, Chuang YC, Lee SH, Yu WL (2010) In vitro synergistic antimicrobial effect of imipenem and colistin against an isolate of multidrug-resistant Enterobacter cloacae. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 43:317–322

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Lin L, Nonejuie P, Munguia J, Hollands A, Olson J, Dam Q, Kumaraswamy M, Rivera H Jr, Corriden R, Rohde M, Hensler ME, Burkart MD, Pogliano J, Sakoulas G, Nizet V (2015) Azithromycin synergizes with cationic antimicrobial peptides to exert bactericidal and therapeutic activity against highly multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. EBioMedicine 2:690–698

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Linden PK, Kusne S, Coley K, Fontes P, Kramer DJ, Paterson D (2003) Use of parenteral colistin for the treatment of serious infection due to antimicrobial-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin Infect Dis 37:e154–e160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Lister PD, Wolter DJ, Hanson ND (2009) Antibacterial-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: clinical impact and complex regulation of chromosomally encoded resistance mechanisms. Clin Microbiol Rev 22:582–610

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  100. Liu X, Zhao M, Chen Y, Bian X, Li Y, Shi J, Zhang J (2016) Synergistic killing by meropenem and colistin combination of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Chinese patients in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Int J Antimicrob Agents 48:559–563

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Loos U, Musch E, Jensen JC, Mikus G, Schwabe HK, Eichelbaum M (1985) Pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous rifampicin during chronic administration. Klin Wochenschr 63:1205–1211

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Lora-Tamayo J, Murillo O, Bergen PJ, Nation RL, Poudyal A, Luo X, Yu HY, Ariza J, Li J (2014) Activity of colistin combined with doripenem at clinically relevant concentrations against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an in vitro dynamic biofilm model. J Antimicrob Chemother 69(9):2434–2442

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Ly NS, Bulitta JB, Rao GG, Landersdorfer CB, Holden PN, Forrest A, Bergen PJ, Nation RL, Li J, Tsuji BT (2015) Colistin and doripenem combinations against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: profiling the time course of synergistic killing and prevention of resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 70:1434–1442

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  104. Ly NS, Bulman ZP, Bulitta JB, Baron C, Rao GG, Holden PN, Li J, Sutton MD, Tsuji BT (2016) Optimization of polymyxin B in combination with doripenem to combat mutator Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 60:2870–2880

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  105. Maccallum DM, Desbois AP, Coote PJ (2013) Enhanced efficacy of synergistic combinations of antimicrobial peptides with caspofungin versus Candida albicans in insect and murine models of systemic infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 32:1055–1062

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, Carmeli Y, Falagas ME, Giske CG, Harbarth S, Hindler JF, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson DL, Rice LB, Stelling J, Struelens MJ, Vatopoulos A, Weber JT, Monnet DL (2012) Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 18:268–281

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Mah TF, O’Toole GA (2001) Mechanisms of biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents. Trends Microbiol 9:34–39

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Markou N, Markantonis SL, Dimitrakis E, Panidis D, Boutzouka E, Karatzas S, Rafailidis P, Apostolakos H, Baltopoulos G (2008) Colistin serum concentrations after intravenous administration in critically ill patients with serious multidrug-resistant, Gram-negative bacilli infections: a prospective, open-label, uncontrolled study. Clin Ther 30:143–151

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Mendes RE, Fritsche TR, Sader HS, Jones RN (2008) Increased antimicrobial susceptibility profiles among polymyxin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates. Clin Infect Dis 46:1324–1326

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Menuet M, Bittar F, Stremler N, Dubus JC, Sarles J, Raoult D, Rolain JM (2008) First isolation of two colistin-resistant emerging pathogens, Brevundimonas diminuta and Ochrobactrum anthropi, in a woman with cystic fibrosis: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2:373

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  111. Mezzatesta ML, Caio C, Gona F, Zingali T, Salerno I, Stefani S (2016) Colistin Increases the cidal activity of antibiotic combinations against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: an in vitro model comparing multiple combination bactericidal testing at one peak serum concentration and time-kill method. Microb Drug Resist 22:360–363

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Mezzatesta ML, Gona F, Caio C, Petrolito V, Sciortino D, Sciacca A, Santangelo C, Stefani S (2011) Outbreak of KPC-3-producing, and colistin-resistant, Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in two Sicilian hospitals. Clin Microbiol Infect 17:1444–1447

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Michail G, Labrou M, Pitiriga V, Manousaka S, Sakellaridis N, Tsakris A, Pournaras S (2013) Activity of tigecycline in combination with colistin, meropenem, rifampin, or gentamicin against KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae in a murine thigh infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:6028–6033

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  114. Moffatt JH, Harper M, Harrison P, Hale JD, Vinogradov E, Seemann T, Henry R, Crane B, St Michael F, Cox AD, Adler B, Nation RL, Li J, Boyce JD (2010) Colistin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii is mediated by complete loss of lipopolysaccharide production. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:4971–4977

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  115. Mohamed AF, Karaiskos I, Plachouras D, Karvanen M, Pontikis K, Jansson B, Papadomichelakis E, Antoniadou A, Giamarellou H, Armaganidis A, Cars O, Friberg LE (2012) Application of a loading dose of colistin methanesulfonate in critically ill patients: population pharmacokinetics, protein binding, and prediction of bacterial kill. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56:4241–4249

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  116. Moland ES, Craft DW, Hong SG, Kim SY, Hachmeister L, Sayed SD, Thomson KS (2008) In vitro activity of tigecycline against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and selection of tigecycline-amikacin synergy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:2940–2942

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  117. Moneib NA (1995) In-vitro activity of commonly used antifungal agents in the presence of rifampin, polymyxin B and norfloxacin against Candida albicans. J Chemother 7:525–529

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Montero A, Ariza J, Corbella X, Domenech A, Cabellos C, Ayats J, Tubau F, Borraz C, Gudiol F (2004) Antibiotic combinations for serious infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a mouse pneumonia model. J Antimicrob Chemother 54:1085–1091

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Moore NM, Flaws ML (2011) Treatment strategies and recommendations for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Clin Lab Sci 24:52–56

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Morelli P, Ferrario A, Tordato F, Piazza A, Casari E (2014) Successful treatment of post-neurosurgical multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa meningo-encephalitis with combination therapy of colistin, rifampicin and doripenem. J Antimicrob Chemother 69:857–859

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Moskowitz SM, Foster JM, Emerson J, Burns JL (2004) Clinically feasible biofilm susceptibility assay for isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Microbiol 42:1915–1922

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  122. Mutlu Yilmaz E, Sunbul M, Aksoy A, Yilmaz H, Guney AK, Guvenc T (2012) Efficacy of tigecycline/colistin combination in a pneumonia model caused by extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Int J Antimicrob Agents 40:332–336

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Napier BA, Band V, Burd EM, Weiss DS (2014) Colistin heteroresistance in Enterobacter cloacae is associated with cross-resistance to the host antimicrobial lysozyme. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:5594–5597

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Nastro M, Rodriguez CH, Monge R, Zintgraff J, Neira L, Rebollo M, Vay C, Famiglietti A (2013) Activity of the colistin-rifampicin combination against colistin-resistant, carbapenemaseproducing Gram-negative bacteria. J Chemother 26(4):211–216

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Nicolau DP (2008) Carbapenems: a potent class of antibiotics. Expert Opin Pharmacother 9:23–37

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Norden CW, Wentzel H, Keleti E (1979) Comparison of techniques for measurement of in vitro antibiotic synergism. J Infect Dis 140:629–633

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Oleksiuk LM, Nguyen MH, Press EG, Updike CL, O’Hara JA, Doi Y, Clancy CJ, Shields RK (2014) In vitro responses of Acinetobacter baumannii to two- and three-drug combinations following exposure to colistin and doripenem. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:1195–1199

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Owen RJ, Li J, Nation RL, Spelman D (2007) In vitro pharmacodynamics of colistin against Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother 59:473–477

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Ozbek B, Mataraci E (2013) In vitro effectiveness of colistin, tigecycline and levofloxacin alone and combined with clarithromycin and/or heparin as lock solutions against embedded Acinetobacter baumannii strains. J Antimicrob Chemother 68:827–830

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Pachon-Ibanez ME, Docobo-Perez F, Lopez-Rojas R, Dominguez-Herrera J, Jimenez-Mejias ME, Garcia-Curiel A, Pichardo C, Jimenez L, Pachon J (2010) Efficacy of rifampin and its combinations with imipenem, sulbactam, and colistin in experimental models of infection caused by imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:1165–1172

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  131. Padilla S, Carden MF, Attridge RT, Burgess DS (2008) In-vitro activity of colistin, amikacin and in combination against multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a pharmacodynamic-pharmacokinetic model. 4th annual Louis C. Littlefield celebrating pharmacy research excellence day in professional, graduate and postgraduate programs, University of Texas, Austin, TX, April 17

    Google Scholar 

  132. Pamp SJ, Gjermansen M, Johansen HK, Tolker-Nielsen T (2008) Tolerance to the antimicrobial peptide colistin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms is linked to metabolically active cells, and depends on the pmr and mexAB-oprM genes. Mol Microbiol 68:223–240

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Pankey G, Ashcraft D, Kahn H, Ismail A (2014) Time-kill assay and Etest evaluation for synergy with polymyxin B and fluconazole against Candida glabrata. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:5795–5800

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Pankuch GA, Lin G, Seifert H, Appelbaum PC (2008) Activity of meropenem with and without ciprofloxacin and colistin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:333–336

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Pankuch GA, Seifert H, Appelbaum PC (2010) Activity of doripenem with and without levofloxacin, amikacin, and colistin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 67:191–197

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Pantopoulou A, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Raftogannis M, Tsaganos T, Dontas I, Koutoukas P, Baziaka F, Giamarellou H, Perrea D (2007) Colistin offers prolonged survival in experimental infection by multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: the significance of co-administration of rifampicin. Int J Antimicrob Agents 29:51–55

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Park GC, Choi JA, Jang SJ, Jeong SH, Kim CM, Choi IS, Kang SH, Park G, Moon DS (2016) In vitro interactions of antibiotic combinations of colistin, tigecycline, and doripenem against extensively drug-resistant and multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Ann Lab Med 36:124–130

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Paul M, Carmeli Y, Durante-Mangoni E, Mouton JW, Tacconelli E, Theuretzbacher U, Mussini C, Leibovici L (2014) Combination therapy for carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother 69(9):2305–2309. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dku168

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Paul M, Daikos GL, Durante-Mangoni E, Yahav D, Carmeli Y, Benattar YD, Skiada A, Andini R, Eliakim-Raz N, Nutman A, Zusman O, Antoniadou A, Pafundi PC, Adler A, Dickstein Y, Pavleas I, Zampino R, Daitch V, Bitterman R, Zayyad H, Koppel F, Levi I, Babich T, Friberg LE, Mouton JW, Theuretzbacher U, Leibovici L (2018) Colistin alone versus colistin plus meropenem for treatment of severe infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis 18:391–400

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Percin D, Akyol S, Kalin G (2014) In vitro synergism of combinations of colistin with selected antibiotics against colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. GMS Hyg Infect Control 9(2):Doc14

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  141. Petrosillo N, Giannella M, Antonelli M, Antonini M, Barsic B, Belancic L, Inkaya AC, De Pascale G, Grilli E, Tumbarello M, Akova M (2014) Clinical experience of colistin-glycopeptide combination in critically ill patients infected with Gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:851–858

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Petrosillo N, Ioannidou E, Falagas ME (2008) Colistin monotherapy vs. combination therapy: evidence from microbiological, animal and clinical studies. Clin Microbiol Infect 14:816–827

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Phee LM, Betts JW, Bharathan B, Wareham DW (2015) Colistin and fusidic acid: a novel potent synergistic combination for the treatment of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59(8):4544–4550

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  144. Pillai SK, Moellering RC, Eliopoulos GM (2005) Antimicrobial combinations. In: Lorian V (ed) Antibiotics in laboratory medicine, 5th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  145. Pintado V, San Miguel LG, Grill F, Mejia B, Cobo J, Fortun J, Martin-Davila P, Moreno S (2008) Intravenous colistin sulphomethate sodium for therapy of infections due to multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. J Infect 56:185–190

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Plachouras D, Karvanen M, Friberg LE, Papadomichelakis E, Antoniadou A, Tsangaris I, Karaiskos I, Poulakou G, Kontopidou F, Armaganidis A, Cars O, Giamarellou H (2009) Population pharmacokinetic analysis of colistin methanesulphonate and colistin after intravenous administration in critically ill patients with Gram-negative bacterial infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53:3430–3436

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  147. Poudyal A, Howden BP, Bell JM, Gao W, Owen RJ, Turnidge JD, Nation RL, Li J (2008) In vitro pharmacodynamics of colistin against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother 62:1311–1318

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Pournaras S, Vrioni G, Neou E, Dendrinos J, Dimitroulia E, Poulou A, Tsakris A (2011) Activity of tigecycline alone and in combination with colistin and meropenem against Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing Enterobacteriaceae strains by time-kill assay. Int J Antimicrob Agents 37:244–247

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Principe L, Capone A, Mazzarelli A, D’Arezzo S, Bordi E, Di Caro A, Petrosillo N (2013) In vitro activity of doripenem in combination with various antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: possible options for the treatment of complicated infection. Microb Drug Resist 19:407–414

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Qureshi ZA, Paterson DL, Potoski BA, Kilayko MC, Sandovsky G, Sordillo E, Polsky B, Adams-Haduch JM, Doi Y (2012) Treatment outcome of bacteremia due to KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: superiority of combination antimicrobial regimens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56:2108–2113

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  151. Rahal JJ (2006) Novel antibiotic combinations against infections with almost completely resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species. Clin Infect Dis 43(Suppl 2):S95–S99

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Rodriguez-Avial I, Pena I, Picazo JJ, Rodriguez-Avial C, Culebras E (2015) In vitro activity of the next-generation aminoglycoside plazomicin alone and in combination with colistin, meropenem, fosfomycin or tigecycline against carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae strains. Int J Antimicrob Agents 46:616–621

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Rodriguez CH, Nastro M, Vay C, Famiglietti A (2015) In vitro activity of minocycline alone or in combination in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. J Med Microbiol 64:1196–1200

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Ruslami R, Nijland HM, Alisjahbana B, Parwati I, Van Crevel R, Aarnoutse RE (2007) Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a higher rifampin dose versus the standard dose in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:2546–2551

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  155. Safarika A, Galani I, Pistiki A, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ (2015) Time-kill effect of levofloxacin on multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii: synergism with imipenem and colistin. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 34:317–323

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Sandri AM, Landersdorfer CB, Jacob J, Boniatti MM, Dalarosa MG, Falci DR, Behle TF, Bordinhao RC, Wang J, Forrest A, Nation RL, Li J, Zavascki AP (2013) Population pharmacokinetics of intravenous polymyxin B in critically ill patients: implications for selection of dosage regimens. Clin Infect Dis 57:524–531

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Sandri AM, Landersdorfer CB, Jacob J, Boniatti MM, Dalarosa MG, Falci DR, Behle TF, Saitovitch D, Wang J, Forrest A, Nation RL, Zavascki AP, Li J (2013) Pharmacokinetics of polymyxin B in patients on continuous venovenous haemodialysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 68:674–677

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Schemuth H, Dittmer S, Lackner M, Sedlacek L, Hamprecht A, Steinmann E, Buer J, Rath PM, Steinmann J (2013) In vitro activity of colistin as single agent and in combination with antifungals against filamentous fungi occurring in patients with cystic fibrosis. Mycoses 56:297–303

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Seed KD, Dennis JJ (2008) Development of Galleria mellonella as an alternative infection model for the Burkholderia cepacia complex. Infect Immun 76:1267–1275

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  160. Selwyn S (1983) The history of antimicrobial agents. In: Clinical chemotherapy. fundamentals, vol 1. Thieme-Stratton, New York

    Google Scholar 

  161. Sheng WH, Wang JT, Li SY, Lin YC, Cheng A, Chen YC, Chang SC (2011) Comparative in vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities and synergistic activities of antimicrobial combinations against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter species: Acinetobacter baumannii versus Acinetobacter genospecies 3 and 13TU. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 70:380–386

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Shields RK, Clancy CJ, Gillis LM, Kwak EJ, Silveira FP, Massih RC, Eschenauer GA, Potoski BA, Nguyen MH (2012) Epidemiology, clinical characteristics and outcomes of extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections among solid organ transplant recipients. PLoS One 7:e52349

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  163. Shields RK, Kwak EJ, Potoski BA, Doi Y, Adams-Haduch JM, Silviera FP, Toyoda Y, Pilewski JM, Crespo M, Pasculle AW, Clancy CJ, Nguyen MH (2011) High mortality rates among solid organ transplant recipients infected with extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: using in vitro antibiotic combination testing to identify the combination of a carbapenem and colistin as an effective treatment regimen. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 70:246–252

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Sirijatuphat R, Thamlikitkul V (2014) Preliminary study of colistin versus colistin plus fosfomycin for treatment of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:5598–5601

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Smith NM, Bulman ZP, Sieron AO, Bulitta JB, Holden PN, Nation RL, Li J, Wright GD, Tsuji BT (2017) Pharmacodynamics of dose-escalated ‘front-loading’ polymyxin B regimens against polymyxin-resistant mcr-1-harbouring Escherichia coli. J Antimicrob Chemother 72:2297–2303

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  166. Souli M, Galani I, Boukovalas S, Gourgoulis MG, Chryssouli Z, Kanellakopoulou K, Panagea T, Giamarellou H (2011) In vitro interactions of antimicrobial combinations with fosfomycin against KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and protection of resistance development. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55:2395–2397

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  167. Souli M, Rekatsina PD, Chryssouli Z, Galani I, Giamarellou H, Kanellakopoulou K (2009) Does the activity of the combination of imipenem and colistin in vitro exceed the problem of resistance in metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53:2133–2135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  168. Srisupha-Olarn W, Burgess DS (2010) Activity of meropenem and colistin alone and in combination against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model (abstract E-1591, p125). In: Abstracts of the 50th annual interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy (ICAAC), Boston, MA, September 12–15. American Society for Microbiology

    Google Scholar 

  169. Stressmann FA, Rogers GB, Marsh P, Lilley AK, Daniels TW, Carroll MP, Hoffman LR, Jones G, Allen CE, Patel N, Forbes B, Tuck A, Bruce KD (2011) Does bacterial density in cystic fibrosis sputum increase prior to pulmonary exacerbation? J Cyst Fibros 10:357–365

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Suh JY, Son JS, Chung DR, Peck KR, Ko KS, Song JH (2010) Nonclonal emergence of colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from blood samples in South Korea. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:560–562

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Sun HY, Shields RK, Cacciarelli TV, Muder RR, Singh N (2010) A novel combination regimen for the treatment of refractory bacteremia due to multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a liver transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis 12:555–560

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Svetitsky S, Leibovici L, Paul M (2009) Comparative efficacy and safety of vancomycin versus teicoplanin: systematic review and meta-analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53:4069–4079

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  173. Tam VH, Schilling AN, Vo G, Kabbara S, Kwa AL, Wiederhold NP, Lewis RE (2005) Pharmacodynamics of polymyxin B against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:3624–3630

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  174. Tan CH, Li J, Nation RL (2007) Activity of colistin against heteroresistant Acinetobacter baumannii and emergence of resistance in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:3413–3415

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  175. Tan TY, Ng LS, Tan E, Huang G (2007) In vitro effect of minocycline and colistin combinations on imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother 60:421–423

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Tang HJ, Ku YH, Lee MF, Chuang YC, Yu WL (2015) In vitro activity of imipenem and colistin against a carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate coproducing SHV-31, CMY-2, and DHA-1. Biomed Res Int 2015:568079

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  177. Tangden T, Hickman RA, Forsberg P, Lagerback P, Giske CG, Cars O (2014) Evaluation of double- and triple-antibiotic combinations for VIM- and NDM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae by in vitro time-kill experiments. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:1757–1762

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  178. Tangden T, Karvanen M, Friberg LE, Odenholt I, Cars O (2017) Assessment of early combination effects of colistin and meropenem against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii in dynamic time-kill experiments. Infect Dis (Lond) 49:521–527

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Tascini C, Gemignani G, Ferranti S, Tagliaferri E, Leonildi A, Lucarini A, Menichetti F (2004) Microbiological activity and clinical efficacy of a colistin and rifampin combination in multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. J Chemother 16:282–287

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Tripodi MF, Durante-Mangoni E, Fortunato R, Utili R, Zarrilli R (2007) Comparative activities of colistin, rifampicin, imipenem and sulbactam/ampicillin alone or in combination against epidemic multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates producing OXA-58 carbapenemases. Int J Antimicrob Agents 30:537–540

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Tsioutis C, Kritsotakis EI, Maraki S, Gikas A (2010) Infections by pandrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: clinical profile, therapeutic management, and outcome in a series of 21 patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 29:301–305

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Tumbarello M, Viale P, Viscoli C, Trecarichi EM, Tumietto F, Marchese A, Spanu T, Ambretti S, Ginocchio F, Cristini F (2012) Predictors of mortality in bloodstream infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae: importance of combination therapy. Clin Infect Dis 55:943–950

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Turnidge J (2014) Drug-drug combinations. In: Vinks AA, Derendorf H, Mouton J (eds) Fundamentals of antimicrobial pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  184. Urban C, Mariano N, Rahal JJ (2010) In vitro double and triple bactericidal activities of doripenem, polymyxin B, and rifampin against Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:2732–2734

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  185. Vardakas KZ, Mavros MN, Roussos N, Falagas ME (2012) Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of vancomycin for the treatment of patients with gram-positive infections: focus on the study design. Mayo Clin Proc 87:349–363

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  186. Velkov T, Bergen PJ, Lora-Tamayo J, Landersdorfer CB, Li J (2013) PK/PD models in antibacterial development. Curr Opin Microbiol 16(5):573–579

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Vidaillac C, Benichou L, Duval RE (2012) In vitro synergy of colistin combinations against colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56:4856–4861

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  188. Walsh CC, Landersdorfer CB, McIntosh MP, Peleg AY, Hirsch EB, Kirkpatrick CM, Bergen PJ (2016) Clinically relevant concentrations of fosfomycin combined with polymyxin B, tobramycin or ciprofloxacin enhance bacterial killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but do not suppress the emergence of fosfomycin resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 71:2218–2229

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Walsh CC, McIntosh MP, Peleg AY, Kirkpatrick CM, Bergen PJ (2015) In vitro pharmacodynamics of fosfomycin against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Antimicrob Chemother 70(11):3042–3050

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Wareham DW, Gordon NC, Hornsey M (2011) In vitro activity of teicoplanin combined with colistin versus multidrug-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii. J Antimicrob Chemother 66:1047–1051

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Wehrli W (1983) Rifampin: mechanisms of action and resistance. Rev Infect Dis 5(Suppl 3):S407–S411

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Wei W, Yang H, Hu L, Ye Y, Li J (2015) Activity of levofloxacin in combination with colistin against Acinetobacter baumannii: in vitro and in a Galleria mellonella model. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 50(6):821–830

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Wei WJ, Yang HF (2017) Synergy against extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in vitro by two old antibiotics: colistin and chloramphenicol. Int J Antimicrob Agents 49:321–326

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Wootton M, Hedges AJ, Bowker KE, Holt HA, Reeves DS, Macgowan AP (1995) A critical assessment of the agar dilution chequerboard technique for studying in-vitro antimicrobial interactions using a representative beta-lactam, aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone. J Antimicrob Chemother 35:569–576

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Yamagishi Y, Hagihara M, Kato H, Hirai J, Nishiyama N, Koizumi Y, Sakanashi D, Suematsu H, Nakai H, Mikamo H (2017) In vitro and in vivo pharmacodynamics of colistin and aztreonam alone and in combination against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chemotherapy 62:105–110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Yang H, Chen G, Hu L, Liu Y, Cheng J, Li H, Ye Y, Li J (2015) In vivo activity of daptomycin/colistin combination therapy in a Galleria mellonella model of Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents 45:188–191

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Yang H, Chen G, Hu L, Liu Y, Cheng J, Ye Y, Li J (2016) Enhanced efficacy of imipenem-colistin combination therapy against multiple-drug-resistant Enterobacter cloacae: in vitro activity and a Galleria mellonella model. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 51(1):70–75

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Yang H, Lv N, Hu L, Liu Y, Cheng J, Ye Y, Li J (2016) In vivo activity of vancomycin combined with colistin against multidrug-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii in a Galleria mellonella model. Infect Dis (Lond) 48:189–194

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Yang Y, Bhachech N, Bush K (1995) Biochemical comparison of imipenem, meropenem and biapenem: permeability, binding to penicillin-binding proteins, and stability to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases. J Antimicrob Chemother 35:75–84

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Yang YS, Lee Y, Tseng KC, Huang WC, Chuang MF, Kuo SC, Lauderdale TL, Chen TL (2016) In vivo and in vitro efficacy of minocycline-based combination therapy for minocycline-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 60:4047–4054

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  201. Yu W, Zhou K, Guo L, Ji J, Niu T, Xiao T, Shen P, Xiao Y (2017) In vitro pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics evaluation of fosfomycin combined with amikacin or colistin against KPC2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 7:246

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  202. Zak O, O’Reilly T (1991) Animal models in the evaluation of antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35:1527–1531

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  203. Zarkotou O, Pournaras S, Tselioti P, Dragoumanos V, Pitiriga V, Ranellou K, Prekates A, Themeli-Digalaki K, Tsakris A (2011) Predictors of mortality in patients with bloodstream infections caused by KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and impact of appropriate antimicrobial treatment. Clin Microbiol Infect 17:1798–1803

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Zavascki AP, Goldani LZ, Cao G, Superti SV, Lutz L, Barth AL, Ramos F, Boniatti MM, Nation RL, Li J (2008) Pharmacokinetics of intravenous polymyxin B in critically ill patients. Clin Infect Dis 47:1298–1304

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Zeidler U, Bougnoux ME, Lupan A, Helynck O, Doyen A, Garcia Z, Sertour N, Clavaud C, Munier-Lehmann H, Saveanu C, D’Enfert C (2013) Synergy of the antibiotic colistin with echinocandin antifungals in Candida species. J Antimicrob Chemother 68:1285–1296

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Zhai B, Zhou H, Yang L, Zhang J, Jung K, Giam CZ, Xiang X, Lin X (2010) Polymyxin B, in combination with fluconazole, exerts a potent fungicidal effect. J Antimicrob Chemother 65:931–938

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  207. Zhang L, Dhillon P, Yan H, Farmer S, Hancock RE (2000) Interactions of bacterial cationic peptide antibiotics with outer and cytoplasmic membranes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:3317–3321

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  208. Zhao M, Bulman ZP, Lenhard JR, Satlin MJ, Kreiswirth BN, Walsh TJ, Marrocco A, Bergen PJ, Nation RL, Li J, Zhang J, Tsuji BT (2017) Pharmacodynamics of colistin and fosfomycin: a ‘treasure trove’ combination combats KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother 72(7):1985–1990

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  209. Ziv G, Nouws JF, Van Ginneken CA (1982) The pharmacokinetics and tissue levels of polymyxin B, colistin and gentamicin in calves. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 5:45–58

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash University, Parkville Campus, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Phillip J. Bergen

  2. Laboratory for Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, USA

    Nicholas M. Smith, Tyler B. Bedard, Raymond Cha & Brian T. Tsuji

  3. University of Illinois Chicago, College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA

    Zackery P. Bulman

Authors
  1. Phillip J. Bergen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nicholas M. Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Tyler B. Bedard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Zackery P. Bulman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Raymond Cha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Brian T. Tsuji
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Phillip J. Bergen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Infection & Immunity Program and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Jian Li

  2. Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Campus, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Roger L. Nation

  3. Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Keith S. Kaye

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bergen, P.J., Smith, N.M., Bedard, T.B., Bulman, Z.P., Cha, R., Tsuji, B.T. (2019). Rational Combinations of Polymyxins with Other Antibiotics. In: Li, J., Nation, R., Kaye, K. (eds) Polymyxin Antibiotics: From Laboratory Bench to Bedside. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1145. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16373-0_16

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation