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Mechanisms of Estrogen Carcinogenesis: Modulation by Botanical Natural Products

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Chemical Carcinogenesis

Part of the book series: Current Cancer Research ((CUCR))

Abstract

The longer women are exposed to estrogens, through early menarche and late menopause and/or through hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the higher is the risk of developing certain hormone-dependent cancers. It has become clear that there are likely multiple overlapping mechanisms of estrogen carcinogenesis. This review is focused on the chemical mechanism of estrogen carcinogenesis involving metabolism of estrogens to catechols mediated by cytochrome P450 and further oxidation of these catechols to estrogen o-quinones. These electrophilic/redox active quinones can cause damage within cells by alkylation and/or oxidation of cellular proteins and DNA in many tissues. Finally, there is evidence to suggest that botanical dietary supplements have cytoprotective/cytotoxic properties that could modulate estrogen-dependent cancers in both pre- and postmenopausal women by blocking key critical steps in the estrogen genotoxicity pathway. Given the direct link between excessive exposure to estrogens, metabolism of estrogens, and increased risk of breast cancer, it is crucial that factors that affect the formation, reactivity, and cellular targets of estrogen quinoids be thoroughly explored.

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Acknowledgements

This work is supported by NIH Grants CA102590, CA79870, and CA73638.

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  1. Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA

    Judy L. Bolton

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  1. School of Medicine, Dept. Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Hamilton Walk 3260, Philadelphia, 19104, Pennsylvania, USA

    Trevor M. Penning

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Bolton, J.L. (2011). Mechanisms of Estrogen Carcinogenesis: Modulation by Botanical Natural Products. In: Penning, T. (eds) Chemical Carcinogenesis. Current Cancer Research. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61737-995-6_4

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