Abstract
The chloroplast is the largest and arguably the most complex of the three energy organelles in the plant cell. The biogenesis of the chloroplast requires a combination of thousands of proteins encoded by the chloroplastic and nuclear genomes. Chloroplast function is also subject to modifications to enable responses to changes in environmental and developmental stimuli. As a consequence, interorganelle signalling and coordination between the chloroplast and nucleus is critical for the biogenesis and function of the chloroplast. Coordination and signalling during biogenesis is referred to as biogenic control and during the function as operational control (1). In this article, we report on two different mutant screens as examples of strategies for identifying mutations that affect biogenic and operational control signalling pathways and processes. We also describe strategies for the analysis and genotyping of the mutants.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Pogson, B.J., Woo, N.S., and Forster, B. (2008) Small ID: plastid signalling to the nucleus and beyond. Trends Plant Sci 13(11), 602–609.
Niyogi, K.K. (1999) Photoprotection revisited: genetic and molecular approaches. Annual Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 50, 333–359.
Foyer, C.H. and Noctor, G. (1999) Leaves in the dark see the light. Science 284(5414), 599–601.
Niyogi, K.K., Grossman, A.R., and Bjorkman, O. (1998) Arabidopsis mutants define a central role for the xanthophyll cycle in the regulation of photosynthetic energy conversion. Plant Cell 10(7), 1121–1134.
Meurer, J., Meierhoff, K., and Westhoff, P. (1996) Isolation of high-chlorophyll-fluorescence mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana and their characterisation by spectroscopy, immunoblotting and northern hybridisation. Planta 198(3), 385–396.
Pogson, B., McDonald, K.A., Truong, M., Britton, G., and DellaPenna, D. (1996) Arabidopsis carotenoid mutants demonstrate that lutein is not essential for photosynthesis in higher plants. Plant Cell 8(9), 1627–1639.
Park, H., Kreunen, S.S., Cuttriss, A.J., DellaPenna, D., and Pogson, B.J. (2002) Identification of the carotenoid isomerase provides insight into carotenoid biosynthesis, prolamellar body formation, and photomorphogenesis. Plant Cell 14(2), 321–332.
Asada, K. (1999) The water-water cycle in chloroplasts: scavenging of active oxygens and dissipation of excess photons. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 50, 601–639.
Karpinski, S., Reynolds, H., Karpinska, B., Wingsle, G., Creissen, G., and Mullineaux, P. (1999) Systemic signaling and acclimation in response to excess excitation energy in Arabidopsis. Science 284(5414), 654–657.
Wilson, P.B., Estavillo, G.M., Field, K.J., Pornsiriwong, W., Carroll, A.J., Howell, K.A., Woo, N.S., Lake, J.A., Smith, S.M., Harvey, M.A. et al. (2009) The nucleotidase/phosphatase SAL1 is a negative regulator of drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 58(2), 299–317.
Woo, N., Badger, M., and Pogson, B. (2008) A rapid, non-invasive procedure for quantitative assessment of drought survival using chlorophyll fluorescence. Plant Methods 4(1), 27.
Murashige, T. and Skoog, F. (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol Plant 15, 473–497.
Lightner, J. and Caspar, T. (1998) Seed mutagenesis of Arabidopsis. Methods Mol Biol 82, 91–103.
Leyser, O. (2000) Mutagenesis. Methods Mol Biol 141, 133–144.
Jander, G., Norris, S.R., Rounsley, S.D., Bush, D.F., and Levin, I.M. (2002) Last RL: Arabidopsis map-based cloning in the post-genome era. Plant Physiol 129(2), 440–450.
Ossowski, S., Schneeberger, K., Clark, R.M., Lanz, C., Warthmann, N., Weigel, D. (2008) Sequencing of natural strains of Arabidopsis thaliana with short reads. Genome Res 18(12), 2024–2033.
Koornneef, M., Alonso-Blanco, C., and Stam, P. (1998) Genetic analysis. Methods Mol Biol 82, 105–117.
Salathia, N., Lee, H.N., Sangster, T.A., Morneau, K., Landry, C.R., Schellenberg, K., Behere, A.S., Gunderson, K.L., Cavalieri, D., Jander, G. et al. (2007) Indel arrays: an affordable alternative for genotyping. Plant J 51(4), 727–737.
Lister, R., Gregory, B.D., and Ecker, J.R. (2009) Next is now: new technologies for sequencing of genomes, transcriptomes, and beyond. Curr Opin Plant Biol 12(2), 107–118.
Lukowitz, W., Gillmor, C.S., and Scheible, W.R. (2000) Positional cloning in Arabidopsis. Why it feels good to have a genome initiative working for you. Plant Physiol 123(3), 795–805.
Bell, C.J. and Ecker, J.R. (1994) Assignment of 30 microsatellite loci to the linkage map of Arabidopsis. Genomics 19(1), 137–144.
Jarvis, P., Lister, C., Szabo, V., and Dean, C. (1994) Integration of CAPS markers into the RFLP map generated using recombinant inbred lines of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol Biol. 24(4), 685–687.
Michaels, S.D. and Amasino, R.M. (1998) A robust method for detecting single-nucleotide changes as polymorphic markers by PCR. Plant J. 14(3), 381–385.
Neff, M.M., Neff, J.D., Chory, J., and Pepper, A.E. (1998) dCAPS, a simple technique for the genetic analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms: experimental applications in Arabidopsis thaliana genetics. Plant J 14(3), 387–392.
Herrmann, M.G., Durtschi, J.D., Bromley, L.K., Wittwer, C.T., and Voelkerding, K.V. (2006) Amplicon DNA melting analysis for mutation scanning and genotyping: cross-platform comparison of instruments and dyes. Clin Chem 52(3), 494–503.
Albrecht, V., Ingenfeld, A., and Apel, K. (2006) Characterization of the snowy cotyledon 1 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana: the impact of chloroplast elongation factor G on chloroplast development and plant vitality. Plant Mol Biol 60(4), 507–518.
Albrecht, V., Ingenfeld, A., and Apel, K. (2008) Snowy cotyledon 2: the identification of a zinc finger domain protein essential for chloroplast development in cotyledons but not in true leaves. Plant Mol Biol 66(6), 599–608.
Wesley, S.V., Helliwell, C.A., Smith, N.A., Wang, MB., Rouse, D.T., Liu, Q., Gooding, P.S., Singh, S.P., Abbott, D., Stoutjesdijk, P.A. et al. (2001) Construct design for efficient, effective and high-throughput gene silencing in plants. Plant J. 27(6), 581–590.
Liu, Y.G., Shirano, Y., Fukaki, H., Yanai, Y., Tasaka, M., Tabata, S., and Shibata, D. (1999) Complementation of plant mutants with large genomic DNA fragments by a transformation-competent artificial chromosome vector accelerates positional cloning. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96(11), 6535–6540.
Kolar, C., Fejes, E., Adam, E., Schafer, E., Kay, S., and Nagy, F. (1998) Transcription of Arabidopsis and wheat Cab genes in single tobacco transgenic seedlings exhibits independent rhythms in a developmentally regulated fashion. Plant J 13(4), 563–569.
Xiong, L., Ishitani, M., Lee, H., and Zhu, J.K. (2001) The Arabidopsis LOS5/ABA3 locus encodes a molybdenum cofactor sulfurase and modulates cold stress- and osmotic stress-responsive gene expression. Plant Cell 13(9), 2063–2083.
Chateigner-Boutin, A.-L. and Small, I. (2007) A rapid high-throughput method for the detection and quantification of RNA editing based on high-resolution melting of amplicons. Nucleic Acids Res 35(17), e114.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Dr. Phil Mullineaux (John Innes Institute, Norwich, UK) for kindly providing us with EMS-mutagenised APX2-luciferase seed. We also thank Jan Bart Rossel (Australian National University) for input into the first version of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Albrecht, V., Estavillo, G.M., Cuttriss, A.J., Pogson, B.J. (2011). Identifying Chloroplast Biogenesis and Signalling Mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana . In: Carpentier, R. (eds) Photosynthesis Research Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 684. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-925-3_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-925-3_20
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-924-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-925-3
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols