Skip to main content

Neural Transplantation and Stem Cells

  • Protocol
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology™ ((MIMB,volume 549))

Summary

Recent results have raised important questions on our ability to amplify stem cell populations in sufficient numbers as to be useful for therapy. Several reports have indicated that human stem cell populations harvested from the adult have low or undetectable telomerase levels, age in culture, and may not be propagated indefinitely. Other groups have shown that stem cells age and as such, their properties will have changed depending on the age of the individual from which they are harvested, and the time for which they are propagated in culture. Other groups have shown that cells maintained in culture may undergo alterations as they are propagated, and that these alterations may alter the predicted behavior of stem cells. Yet others have shown that human cells differ from their counterparts in other species in significant ways and have identified important difficulties in assessing cells in a xeno environment. Clinical colleagues have identified issues of variability and difficulties in the long-term follow-up that is being requested. Researchers in the stem cell field focused on translational work need to develop a practical plan that takes into account such difficulties while developing manufacturing protocols, designing animal studies, or developing trial protocols. Such proactive planning will be critical in ensuring a successful transition from the bench to the clinic.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Protocol
USD   49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Springer Nature is developing a new tool to find and evaluate Protocols. Learn more

References

  1. Carpenter, M. K., Rosler, E. and Rao, M. S. (2003). Characterization and differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Cloning Stem Cells 5, 79–88.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Luo, Y., Schwartz, C., Shin, S., Zeng, X., Chen, N., Wang, Y., Yu, X. and Rao, M. S. (2006). A focused microarray to assess dopa­minergic and glial cell differentiation from fetal tissue or embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 24, 865–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Zeng, X., Miura, T., Luo, Y., Bhattacharya, B., Condie, B., Chen, J., Ginis, I., Lyons, I., Mejido, J., Puri, R. K., Rao, M. S. and Freed, W. J. (2004). Properties of pluripotent human embryonic stem cells BG01 and BG02. Stem Cells 22, 292–312.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Li, H., Liu, Y., Shin, S., Sun, Y., Loring, J. F., Mattson, M. P., Rao, M. S. and Zhan, M. (2006). Transcriptome coexpression map of human embryonic stem cells. BMC Genomics 7, 103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Mayer-Proschel, M., Kalyani, A. J., Mujtaba, T. and Rao, M. S. (1997). Isolation of lineage-restricted neuronal precursors from multipotent neuroepithelial stem cells. Neuron 19, 773–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Miura, T., Mattson, M. P. and Rao, M. S. (2004). Cellular lifespan and senescence signaling in embryonic stem cells. Aging Cell 3, 333–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Ellis, P., Fagan, B. M., Magness, S. T., Hutton, S., Taranova, O., Hayashi, S., McMahon, A., Rao, M. and Pevny, L. (2004). Sox2, a persistent marker for multipotential neural stem cells derived from embryonic stem cells, the embryo or the adult. Dev Neurosci 26, 148–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Schwartz, C. M., Spivak, C. E., Baker, S. C., McDaniel, T. K., Loring, J. F., Nguyen, C., Chrest, F. J., Wersto, R., Arenas, E., Zeng, X., Freed, W. J. and Rao, M. S. (2005). Ntera2: A model system to study dopaminergic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 14, 517–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Shin, S., Sun, Y., Liu, Y., Khaner, H., Svant, S., Cai, J., Xu, X. Q., Davidson, B. P., Stice, S. L., Smith, A. K., Goldman, S. A., Reubinoff, B. E., Zhan, M., Rao, M. S. and Chesnut, J. D. (2007). Whole genome analysis of human neural stem cells derived from embryonic stem cells and stem and progenitor cells isolated from fetal tissue. Stem Cells 25, 1298–306.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Rao, M. S. and Anderson, D. J. (1997). Immortalization and controlled in vitro differentiation of murine multipotent neural crest stem cells. J Neurobiol 32, 722–46.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Zeng, X., Chen, J., Deng, X., Liu, Y., Rao, M. S., Cadet, J. L. and Freed, W. J. (2006). An in vitro model of human dopaminergic neurons derived from embryonic stem cells: Mpp+ toxicity and gdnf neuroprotection. Neuropsychopharmacology 31, 2708–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Turksen, K. and Rao, M. (2005). Issues in human embryonic stem cell biology. Stem Cell Rev 1, 79–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Magnus, T., Liu, Y., Parker, G. C. and Rao, M. S. (2007). Stem cell myths. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ginis, I. and Rao, M. S. (2003). Toward cell replacement therapy: Promises and caveats. Exp Neurol 184, 61–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Choong, C. and Rao, M. S. (2007). Human embryonic stem cells. Neurosurg Clin N Am 18, 1–14, vii.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Zeng, X. and Rao, M. S. (2006). Human embryonic stem cells: Long term stability, absence of senescence and a potential cell source for neural replacement. Neuroscience 145, 1348–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Sun, Y., Li, H., Liu, Y., Shin, S., Mattson, M. P., Rao, M. S. and Zhan, M. (2007). Cross-species transcriptional profiles establish a functional portrait of embryonic stem cells. Genomics 89, 22–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Gibson, J., Ho, P. J. and Joshua, D. (2004). Evolving transplant options for multiple myeloma: Autologous and nonmyeloablative allogenic. Transplant Proc 36, 2501–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Terstegge, S., Laufenberg, I., Pochert, J., Schenk, S., Itskovitz-Eldor, J., Endl, E. and Brustle, O. (2007). Automated maintenance of embryonic stem cell cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 96, 195–201.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Sun, Y., Li, H., Yang, H., Rao, M. S. and Zhan, M. (2006). Mechanisms controlling embryonic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 16, 211–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Parker, G. C., Anastassova-Kristeva, M., Eisenberg, L. M., Rao, M. S., Williams, M. A., Sanberg, P. R. and English, D. (2005). Stem cells: Shibboleths of development, Part 2: Toward a functional definition. Stem Cells Dev 14, 463–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Spivakov, M. and Fisher, A. G. (2007). Epigenetic signatures of stem-cell identity. Nat Rev Genet 8, 263–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Bibikova, M., Chudin, E., Wu, B., Zhou, L., Garcia, E. W., Liu, Y., Shin, S., Plaia, T. W., Auerbach, J. M., Arking, D. E., Gonzalez, R., Crook, J., Davidson, B., Schulz, T. C., Robins, A., Khanna, A., Sartipy, P., Hyllner, J., Vanguri, P., Savant-Bhonsale, S., Smith, A. K., Chakravarti, A., Maitra, A., Rao, M., Barker, D. L., Loring, J. F. and Fan, J. B. (2006). Human embryonic stem cells have a unique epigenetic signature. Genome Res 16, 1075–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Miura, T., Luo, Y., Khrebtukova, I., Brandenberger, R., Zhou, D., Thies, R. S., Vasicek, T., Young, H., Lebkowski, J., Carpenter, M. K. and Rao, M. S. (2004). Monitoring early differentiation events in human embryonic stem cells by massively parallel signature sequencing and expressed sequence tag scan. Stem Cells Dev 13, 694–715.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Takahashi, J. (2006). Stem cell therapy for Parkinson’s disease. Ernst Schering Res Found Workshop 229–44.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Bonnevie, L., Bel, A., Sabbah, L., Al Attar, N., Pradeau, P., Weill, B., Le Deist, F., Bellamy, V., Peyrard, S., Menard, C., Desnos, M., Bruneval, P., Binder, P., Hagege, A. A., Puceat, M. and Menasche, P. (2007). Is xenotransplantation of embryonic stem cells a realistic option? Transplantation 83, 333–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hewitt, Z., Priddle, H., Thomson, A. J., Wojtacha, D. and McWhir, J. (2007). Ablation of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells: Exploiting innate immunity against the gal alpha1–3galbeta1–4glcnac-r (alpha-gal) epitope. Stem Cells 25, 10–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ginis, I., Luo, Y., Miura, T., Thies, S., Brandenberger, R., Gerecht-Nir, S., Amit, M., Hoke, A., Carpenter, M. K., Itskovitz-Eldor, J. and Rao, M. S. (2004). Differences between human and mouse embryonic stem cells. Dev Biol 269, 360–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Zhan, M., Miura, T., Xu, X. and Rao, M. S. (2005). Conservation and variation of gene regulation in embryonic stem cells assessed by comparative genomics. Cell Biochem Biophys 43, 379–405.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Qazilbash, M. H., Saliba, R. M., Hosing, C., Mendoza, F., Qureshi, S. R., Weber, D. M., Wang, M., Flosser, T., Couriel, D. R., De Lima, M., Kebriaei, P., Popat, U., Alousi, A. M., Champlin, R. E. and Giralt, S. A. (2007). Autologous stem cell transplantation is safe and feasible in elderly patients with multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant 39, 279–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Molcayni, M., Bentz, K., Maegele, M., Simanski, C., Carlitscheck, C., Schneider, A., Hescheler, J., Bouillon, B., Schafer, U. and Neugebauer, E. (2007). Embryonic stem cell transplantation after experimental traumatic brain injury dramatically improves neurological outcome, but may cause tumors. J Neurotrauma 24, 216–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Cheng, A., Coksaygan, T., Tang, H., Khatri, R., Balice-Gordon, R. J., Rao, M. S. and Mattson, M. P. (2007). Truncated tyrosine kinase b brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor directs cortical neural stem cells to a glial cell fate by a novel signaling mechanism. J Neurochem 100, 1515–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohan C. Vemuri .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Rao, M.S., Vemuri, M.C. (2009). Neural Transplantation and Stem Cells. In: Gordon, D., Scolding, N. (eds) Neural Cell Transplantation. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 549. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-931-4_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-931-4_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60327-930-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-931-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics