Summary
Neural stem and progenitor cells offer great potential for treatment of neurological disorders. Both neurologic and neurological were used in text; the latter was more common. Note changes have been made to match in title and text body. The current strategies of isolation, expansion, and characterization of these cells require in vitro manipulations that can change their intrinsic properties, specifically with the acquisition of chromosomal abnormalities. We have analyzed the rationale of using neural stem cells in neurological disorders, the caveats of current isolation and in vitro culture protocols of neural precursors. Addressing these challenges is crucial for translation of neural stem cell therapy to the clinic.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Gage, F. H., Kempermann, G., Palmer, T. D., Peterson, D. A., and Ray, J. (1998) Multipotent progenitor cells in the adult dentate gyrus. J. Neurobiol. 36, 249–266.
Alvarez-Buylla, A. and Temple, S. (1998) Stem cells in the developing and adult nervous system. J. Neurobiol. 36, 105–110.
Sheen, V. L., Ganesh, V. S., Topcu, M., et al. (2004) Mutations in ARFGEF2 implicate vesicle trafficking in neural progenitor proliferation and migration in the human cerebral cortex. Nat. Genet. 36, 69–76.
Sheen, V. L., Ferland, R. J., Harney, M., et al. (2006) Impaired proliferation and migration in human Miller-Dieker neural precursors. Ann. Neurol. 60, 137–144.
Li, J., Imitola, J., Snyder, E. Y., and Sidman, R. L. (2006) Neural stem cells rescue nervous Purkinje neurons by restoring molecular homeostasis of tissue plasminogen activator and downstream targets. J. Neurosci. 26, 7839–7848.
Fraidenraich, D., Stillwell, E., Romero, E., Wilkes, D., Manova, K., Basson, C. T., and Benezra, R. (2004) Rescue of cardiac defects in id knockout embryos by injection of embryonic stem cells. Science 306, 247–252.
Fraidenraich, D. and Benezra, R. (2006) Embryonic stem cells prevent developmental cardiac defects in mice. Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med. 3 (Suppl. 1), S14–S17.
Pluchino, S., Zanotti, L., Rossi, B., et al. (2005) Neurosphere-derived multipotent precursors promote neuroprotection by an immunomodulatory mechanism. Nature 436, 266–271.
Morshead, C. M., Benveniste, P., Iscove, N. N., and van der Kooy, D. (2002) Hematopoietic competence is a rare property of neural stem cells that may depend on genetic and epigenetic alterations. Nat. Med. 8, 268–273.
Bjorklund, A. and Lindvall, O. (2000) Cell replacement therapies for central nervous system disorders. Nat. Neurosci. 3, 537–544.
Imitola, J., Snyder, E. Y., and Khoury, S. J. (2003) Genetic programs and responses of neural stem/progenitor cells during demyelination: potential insights into repair mechanisms in multiple sclerosis. Physiol. Genomics 14, 171–197.
Kornek, B., Storch, M. K., Weissert, R., et al. (2000) Multiple sclerosis and chronic autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a comparative quantitative study of axonal injury in active, inactive, and remyelinated lesions. Am. J. Pathol. 157, 267–276.
Imitola, J., Chitnis, T., and Khoury, S. J. (2006) Insights into the molecular pathogenesis of progression in multiple sclerosis: potential implications for future therapies. Arch. Neurol. 63, 25–33.
Pluchino, S., Quattrini, A., Brambilla, E., et al. (2003) Injection of adult neurospheres induces recovery in a chronic model of multiple sclerosis. Nature 422, 688–694.
Wagner, J., Akerud, P., Castro, D. S., et al. (1999) Induction of a midbrain dopaminergic phenotype in Nurr1-overexpressing neural stem cells by type 1 astrocytes. Nat. Biotechnol. 17, 653–659.
Kim, D. W., Chung, S., Hwang, M., et al. (2006) Stromal cell-derived inducing activity, Nurr1, and signaling molecules synergistically induce dopaminergic neurons from mouse embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 24, 557–567.
Roy, N. S., Cleren, C., Singh, S. K., Yang, L., Beal, M. F., and Goldman, S. A. (2006) Functional engraftment of human ES cell-derived dopaminergic neurons enriched by coculture with telomerase-immortalized midbrain astrocytes. Nat. Med. 12, 1259–1268.
Thored, P., Arvidsson, A., Cacci, E., et al. (2006) Persistent production of neurons from adult brain stem cells during recovery after stroke. Stem Cells 24, 739–747.
Arvidsson, A., Collin, T., Kirik, D., Kokaia, Z., and Lindvall, O. (2002) Neuronal replacement from endogenous precursors in the adult brain after stroke. Nat. Med. 8, 963–970.
Imitola, J., Raddassi, K., Park, K. I., et al. (2004) Directed migration of neural stem cells to sites of CNS injury by the stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha/CXC chemokine receptor 4 pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 18117–18122.
Sanai, N., Tramontin, A. D., Quinones-Hinojosa, A., et al. (2004) Unique astrocyte ribbon in adult human brain contains neural stem cells but lacks chain migration. Nature 427, 740–744.
Windrem, M. S., Nunes, M. C., Rashbaum, et al. (2004) Fetal and adult human oligodendrocyte progenitor cell isolates myelinate the congenitally dysmyelinated brain. Nat. Med. 10, 93–97.
Kondo, T. and Raff, M. (2006) Oligodendrocyte precursor cells reprogrammed to become multipotential CNS stem cells [see comments]. Science 289, 1754–1757.
Jackson, E. L., Garcia-Verdugo, J. M., Gil-Perotin, S., et al. (2006) PDGFR alpha-positive B cells are neural stem cells in the adult SVZ that form glioma-like growths in response to increased PDGF signaling. Neuron 51, 187–199.
Snyder, E. Y., Deitcher, D. L., Walsh, C., Arnold-Aldea, S., Hartwieg, E. A., and Cepko, C. L. (1992) Multipotent neural cell lines can engraft and participate in development of mouse cerebellum. Cell 68, 33–51.
Reynolds, B. A. and Weiss, S. (1992) Generation of neurons and astrocytes from isolated cells of the adult mammalian central nervous system. Science 255, 1707–1710.
Doetsch, F., Petreanu, L., Caille, I., Garcia-Verdugo, J. M., and Alvarez-Buylla, A. (2002) EGF converts transit-amplifying neurogenic precursors in the adult brain into multipotent stem cells. Neuron 36, 1021–1034.
Gabay, L., Lowell, S., Rubin, L. L., and Anderson, D. J. (2003) Deregulation of dorsoventral patterning by FGF confers trilineage differentiation capacity on CNS stem cells in vitro. Neuron 40, 485–499.
Reynolds, B. A. and Rietze, R. L. (2005) Neural stem cells and neurospheres–re-evaluating the relationship. Nat. Methods 2, 333–336.
Fults, D., Pedone, C., Dai, C., and Holland, E. C. (2002) MYC expression promotes the proliferation of neural progenitor cells in culture and in vivo. Neoplasia 4, 32–39.
Sanai, N., Alvarez-Buylla, A., and Berger, M. S. (2005) Neural stem cells and the origin of gliomas. N. Engl. J. Med. 353, 811–822.
Uhrbom, L., Dai, C., Celestino, J. C., Rosenblum, M. K., Fuller, G. N., and Holland, E. C. (2002) Ink4a-Arf loss cooperates with KRas activation in astrocytes and neural progenitors to generate glioblastomas of various morphologies depending on activated Akt. Cancer Res. 62, 5551–5558.
Singec, I., Knoth, R., Meyer, R. P., et al. (2003) Defining the actual sensitivity and specificity of the neurosphere assay in stem cell biology. Nat. Methods 3, 801–806.
Tang, Y., Shah, K., Messerli, S. M., Snyder, E., Breakefield, X., and Weissleder, R. (2003) In vivo tracking of neural progenitor cell migration to glioblastomas. Hum. Gene Ther. 14, 1247–1254.
Shapiro, E. M., Gonzalez-Perez, O., Manuel Garcia-Verdugo, J., Alvarez-Buylla, A., and Koretsky, A. P. (2006) Magnetic resonance imaging of the migration of neuronal precursors generated in the adult rodent brain. Neuroimage 32, 1150–1157.
Jiang, Q., Zhang, Z. G., Ding, G. L., et al. (2006) MRI detects white matter reorganization after neural progenitor cell treatment of stroke. Neuroimage 32, 1080–1089.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by grants AI043496 and AI058680 from NIAID, and RG3945 from NMSS.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Imitola, J., Khoury, S.J. (2008). Neural Stem Cells and the Future Treatment of Neurological Diseases: Raising the Standard . In: Weiner, L.P. (eds) Neural Stem Cells. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 438. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-133-8_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-133-8_2
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-846-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-133-8
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols