Abstract
Posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression shapes the B cell transcriptome and controls messenger RNA (mRNA) translation into protein. Recent reports have highlighted the importance of RNA binding proteins (RBPs) for mRNA splicing, subcellular location, stability, and translation during B lymphocyte development, activation, and differentiation. Here we describe individual-nucleotide resolution UV cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (iCLIP) in primary lymphocytes, a method that maps RNA–protein interactions in a genome-wide scale allowing mechanistic analysis of RBP function. We discuss the latest improvements in iCLIP technology and provide some examples of how integration of the RNA–protein interactome with other high-throughput mRNA sequencing methodologies uncovers the important role of RBP-mediated RNA regulation in key biological cell processes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Basso K, Dalla-Favera R (2015) Germinal centres and B cell lymphomagenesis. Nat Rev Immunol 15(3):172–184. doi:10.1038/nri3814
De Silva NS, Klein U (2015) Dynamics of B cells in germinal centres. Nat Rev Immunol 15(3):137–148. doi:10.1038/nri3804
Diaz-Munoz MD, Bell SE, Fairfax K, Monzon-Casanova E, Cunningham AF, Gonzalez-Porta M, Andrews SR, Bunik VI, Zarnack K, Curk T, Heggermont WA, Heymans S, Gibson GE, Kontoyiannis DL, Ule J, Turner M (2015) The RNA-binding protein HuR is essential for the B cell antibody response. Nat Immunol 16(4):415–425. doi:10.1038/ni.3115
DeMicco A, Naradikian MS, Sindhava VJ, Yoon JH, Gorospe M, Wertheim GB, Cancro MP, Bassing CH (2015) B cell-intrinsic expression of the HuR RNA-binding protein is required for the T cell-dependent immune response in vivo. J Immunol 195(7):3449–3462. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1500512
Thai TH, Calado DP, Casola S, Ansel KM, Xiao C, Xue Y, Murphy A, Frendewey D, Valenzuela D, Kutok JL, Schmidt-Supprian M, Rajewsky N, Yancopoulos G, Rao A, Rajewsky K (2007) Regulation of the germinal center response by microRNA-155. Science 316(5824):604–608. doi:10.1126/science.1141229
Vigorito E, Perks KL, Abreu-Goodger C, Bunting S, Xiang Z, Kohlhaas S, Das PP, Miska EA, Rodriguez A, Bradley A, Smith KG, Rada C, Enright AJ, Toellner KM, Maclennan IC, Turner M (2007) microRNA-155 regulates the generation of immunoglobulin class-switched plasma cells. Immunity 27(6):847–859. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.10.009
Xu S, Guo K, Zeng Q, Huo J, Lam KP (2012) The RNase III enzyme dicer is essential for germinal center B-cell formation. Blood 119(3):767–776. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-05-355412
Bertossi A, Aichinger M, Sansonetti P, Lech M, Neff F, Pal M, Wunderlich FT, Anders HJ, Klein L, Schmidt-Supprian M (2011) Loss of Roquin induces early death and immune deregulation but not autoimmunity. J Exp Med 208(9):1749–1756. doi:10.1084/jem.20110578
Pratama A, Srivastava M, Williams NJ, Papa I, Lee SK, Dinh XT, Hutloff A, Jordan MA, Zhao JL, Casellas R, Athanasopoulos V, Vinuesa CG (2015) MicroRNA-146a regulates ICOS-ICOSL signalling to limit accumulation of T follicular helper cells and germinal centres. Nat Commun 6:6436. doi:10.1038/ncomms7436
Baumjohann D, Kageyama R, Clingan JM, Morar MM, Patel S, de Kouchkovsky D, Bannard O, Bluestone JA, Matloubian M, Ansel KM, Jeker LT (2013) The microRNA cluster miR-17 approximately 92 promotes TFH cell differentiation and represses subset-inappropriate gene expression. Nat Immunol 14(8):840–848. doi:10.1038/ni.2642
Gerstberger S, Hafner M, Tuschl T (2014) A census of human RNA-binding proteins. Nat Rev Genet 15(12):829–845. doi:10.1038/nrg3813
Castello A, Fischer B, Eichelbaum K, Horos R, Beckmann BM, Strein C, Davey NE, Humphreys DT, Preiss T, Steinmetz LM, Krijgsveld J, Hentze MW (2012) Insights into RNA biology from an atlas of mammalian mRNA-binding proteins. Cell 149(6):1393–1406. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.04.031
Chang X, Li B, Rao A (2015) RNA-binding protein hnRNPLL regulates mRNA splicing and stability during B-cell to plasma-cell differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112(15):E1888–E1897. doi:10.1073/pnas.1422490112
Pioli PD, Debnath I, Weis JJ, Weis JH (2014) Zfp318 regulates IgD expression by abrogating transcription termination within the Ighm/Ighd locus. J Immunol 193(5):2546–2553. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1401275
Enders A, Short A, Miosge LA, Bergmann H, Sontani Y, Bertram EM, Whittle B, Balakishnan B, Yoshida K, Sjollema G, Field MA, Andrews TD, Hagiwara H, Goodnow CC (2014) Zinc-finger protein ZFP318 is essential for expression of IgD, the alternatively spliced Igh product made by mature B lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111(12):4513–4518. doi:10.1073/pnas.1402739111
Landon AL, Muniandy PA, Shetty AC, Lehrmann E, Volpon L, Houng S, Zhang Y, Dai B, Peroutka R, Mazan-Mamczarz K, Steinhardt J, Mahurkar A, Becker KG, Borden KL, Gartenhaus RB (2014) MNKs act as a regulatory switch for eIF4E1 and eIF4E3 driven mRNA translation in DLBCL. Nat Commun 5:5413. doi:10.1038/ncomms6413
Galloway A, Saveliev A, Lukasiak S, Hodson DJ, Bolland D, Balmanno K, Ahlfors H, Monzon-Casanova E, Mannurita SC, Bell LS, Andrews S, Diaz-Munoz MD, Cook SJ, Corcoran A, Turner M (2016) RNA-binding proteins ZFP36L1 and ZFP36L2 promote cell quiescence. Science 352(6284):453–459. doi:10.1126/science.aad5978
Tiedje C, Diaz-Munoz MD, Trulley P, Ahlfors H, Laass K, Blackshear PJ, Turner M, Gaestel M (2016) The RNA-binding protein TTP is a global post-transcriptional regulator of feedback control in inflammation. Nucleic Acids Res 44:7418–7440. doi:10.1093/nar/gkw474
Ule J, Jensen KB, Ruggiu M, Mele A, Ule A, Darnell RB (2003) CLIP identifies Nova-regulated RNA networks in the brain. Science 302(5648):1212–1215. doi:10.1126/science.1090095
Pashev IG, Dimitrov SI, Angelov D (1991) Crosslinking proteins to nucleic acids by ultraviolet laser irradiation. Trends Biochem Sci 16(9):323–326
Pelle R, Murphy NB (1993) In vivo UV-cross-linking hybridization: a powerful technique for isolating RNA binding proteins. Application to trypanosome mini-exon derived RNA. Nucleic Acids Res 21(10):2453–2458
Licatalosi DD, Mele A, Fak JJ, Ule J, Kayikci M, Chi SW, Clark TA, Schweitzer AC, Blume JE, Wang X, Darnell JC, Darnell RB (2008) HITS-CLIP yields genome-wide insights into brain alternative RNA processing. Nature 456(7221):464–469. doi:10.1038/nature07488
Konig J, Zarnack K, Rot G, Curk T, Kayikci M, Zupan B, Turner DJ, Luscombe NM, Ule J (2010) iCLIP reveals the function of hnRNP particles in splicing at individual nucleotide resolution. Nat Struct Mol Biol 17(7):909–915. doi:10.1038/nsmb.1838
Huppertz I, Attig J, D'Ambrogio A, Easton LE, Sibley CR, Sugimoto Y, Tajnik M, Konig J, Ule J (2014) iCLIP: protein-RNA interactions at nucleotide resolution. Methods 65(3):274–287. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.10.011
Zarnack K, Konig J, Tajnik M, Martincorena I, Eustermann S, Stevant I, Reyes A, Anders S, Luscombe NM, Ule J (2013) Direct competition between hnRNP C and U2AF65 protects the transcriptome from the exonization of Alu elements. Cell 152(3):453–466. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.12.023
Yao C, Biesinger J, Wan J, Weng L, Xing Y, Xie X, Shi Y (2012) Transcriptome-wide analyses of CstF64-RNA interactions in global regulation of mRNA alternative polyadenylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109(46):18773–18778. doi:10.1073/pnas.1211101109
Van Nostrand EL, Pratt GA, Shishkin AA, Gelboin-Burkhart C, Fang MY, Sundararaman B, Blue SM, Nguyen TB, Surka C, Elkins K, Stanton R, Rigo F, Guttman M, Yeo GW (2016) Robust transcriptome-wide discovery of RNA-binding protein binding sites with enhanced CLIP (eCLIP). Nat Methods 13(6):508–514. doi:10.1038/nmeth.3810
Zarnegar BJ, Flynn RA, Shen Y, Do BT, Chang HY, Khavari PA (2016) irCLIP platform for efficient characterization of protein-RNA interactions. Nat Methods 13(6):489–492. doi:10.1038/nmeth.3840
Kim D, Pertea G, Trapnell C, Pimentel H, Kelley R, Salzberg SL (2013) TopHat2: accurate alignment of transcriptomes in the presence of insertions, deletions and gene fusions. Genome Biol 14(4):R36. doi:10.1186/gb-2013-14-4-r36
Langmead B, Salzberg SL (2012) Fast gapped-read alignment with bowtie 2. Nat Methods 9(4):357–359. doi:10.1038/nmeth.1923
Henry CJ, Casas-Selves M, Kim J, Zaberezhnyy V, Aghili L, Daniel AE, Jimenez L, Azam T, McNamee EN, Clambey ET, Klawitter J, Serkova NJ, Tan AC, Dinarello CA, DeGregori J (2015) Aging-associated inflammation promotes selection for adaptive oncogenic events in B cell progenitors. J Clin Invest 125(12):4666–4680. doi:10.1172/JCI83024
Diaz-Munoz MD, Bell SE, Turner M (2015) Deletion of AU-rich elements within the Bcl2 3'UTR reduces protein expression and B cell survival in vivo. PLoS One 10(2):e0116899. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116899
Heinz S, Benner C, Spann N, Bertolino E, Lin YC, Laslo P, Cheng JX, Murre C, Singh H, Glass CK (2010) Simple combinations of lineage-determining transcription factors prime cis-regulatory elements required for macrophage and B cell identities. Mol Cell 38(4):576–589. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2010.05.004
Wang Z, Kayikci M, Briese M, Zarnack K, Luscombe NM, Rot G, Zupan B, Curk T, Ule J (2010) iCLIP predicts the dual splicing effects of TIA-RNA interactions. PLoS Biol 8(10):e1000530. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000530
Huelga SC, AQ V, Arnold JD, Liang TY, Liu PP, Yan BY, Donohue JP, Shiue L, Hoon S, Brenner S, Ares M Jr, Yeo GW (2012) Integrative genome-wide analysis reveals cooperative regulation of alternative splicing by hnRNP proteins. Cell Rep 1(2):167–178. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2012.02.001
Vogel KU, Bell LS, Galloway A, Ahlfors H, Turner M (2016) The RNA-binding proteins Zfp36l1 and Zfp36l2 enforce the thymic β-selection checkpoint by limiting DNA damage response signaling and cell cycle progression. J Immunol 197:2673–2685
Acknowledgments
We thank Prof. Jernej Ule and Prof. Tomaz Curk for their valuable contribution in experimental setup and analysis. The authors were supported by a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council strategic Lola grant BB/J00152X/1 and program funding BBS/E/B/000C0409.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Díaz-Muñoz, M.D., Monzón-Casanova, E., Turner, M. (2017). Characterization of the B Cell Transcriptome Bound by RNA-Binding Proteins with iCLIP. In: Calado, D. (eds) Germinal Centers. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1623. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7095-7_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7095-7_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-7094-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-7095-7
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols