Abstract
Gli2 and Gli3 respond to the Hedgehog (Hh) signal in mammals by undergoing posttranslational modifications and moving to the nucleus. The study of Gli proteins has been hampered by the fact that their overexpression in cells prevents their proper regulation. To address this issue, we have developed a method of rapid generation of stable cell lines expressing near-endogenous and approximately equal levels of wild-type and mutant Gli proteins. This method is applicable to the study of effects of various mutations on Gli protein modifications and activity.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Hui C-C, Angers S (2011) Gli proteins in development and disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 27:513–537
Humke EW, Dorn KV, Milenkovic L, Scott MP, Rohatgi R (2010) The output of Hedgehog signaling is controlled by the dynamic association between Suppressor of Fused and the Gli proteins. Genes Dev 24:670–682
Tukachinsky H, Lopez LV, Salic A (2010) A mechanism for vertebrate Hedgehog signaling: recruitment to cilia and dissociation of SuFu-Gli protein complexes. J Cell Biol 191:415–428
Niewiadomski P, Kong JH, Ahrends R, Ma Y, Humke EW, Khan S et al (2014) Gli protein activity is controlled by multisite phosphorylation in vertebrate Hedgehog signaling. Cell Rep 6:168–181
Niewiadomski P, Zhujiang A, Youssef M, Waschek JA (2013) Interaction of PACAP with Sonic hedgehog reveals complex regulation of the hedgehog pathway by PKA. Cell Signal 25:2222–2230
Pan Y, Wang C, Wang B (2009) Phosphorylation of Gli2 by protein kinase A is required for Gli2 processing and degradation and the Sonic Hedgehog-regulated mouse development. Dev Biol 326:177–189
Kim J, Kato M, Beachy PA (2009) Gli2 trafficking links Hedgehog-dependent activation of Smoothened in the primary cilium to transcriptional activation in the nucleus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:21666–21671
McLeod M, Craft S, Broach JR (1986) Identification of the crossover site during FLP-mediated recombination in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae plasmid 2 microns circle. Mol Cell Biol 6:3357–3367
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the OPUS grant from the Polish National Science Centre (grant 2014/13/B/NZ3/00909) to P.N., a grant from the US National Institutes of Health (R21 NS074091) to R.R., a Distinguished Scientist Award from the Sontag Foundation to R.R., a Scholar award from the Pew Foundation to R.R., and a Scholar award from the V Foundation for Cancer Research to R.R.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Niewiadomski, P., Rohatgi, R. (2015). Rapid Screening of Gli2/3 Mutants Using the Flp-In System. In: Riobo, N. (eds) Hedgehog Signaling Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1322. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2772-2_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2772-2_11
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2771-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-2772-2
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols