Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Transactivation of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases by Dopamine Receptors

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Book cover Dopamine Receptor Technologies

Part of the book series: Neuromethods ((NM,volume 96))

  • 1015 Accesses

Abstract

As our understanding of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling grows, it is clear that the arsenal of GPCR effectors is far greater than their classical second messenger signaling pathways. The transactivation, or GPCR-induced activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), presents an avenue for GPCRs to affect signaling pathways that have previously been attributed to growth factors and opens the door for modulation of RTK activity with small-molecule GPCR ligands. Several RTK transactivation pathways initiated by dopamine receptors have been described. One of the best characterized is the D2-class dopamine receptor transactivation of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor: a ligand-independent, intracellular signaling pathway. Dopamine receptors can also transactivate epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors, often via the metalloproteinase-dependent cleavage of EGF itself from the cell surface. Although the discovery of RTK transactivation is relatively recent, a growing body of research has identified these pathways in several cell line, primary cell, and in vivo systems. These studies have characterized the time course and magnitude of RTK transactivation and have identified several common effectors involved. The choice of the primary readout in transactivation studies, i.e., RTK activation/phosphorylation or a downstream RTK effector such as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) or Akt, is an important consideration for transactivation studies. Equally important is identifying whether the transactivation is ligand (growth factor) dependent or independent. These and other considerations are described, not only with a focus on dopamine receptor-initiated transactivation pathways but also with a discussion of general considerations for the study of GPCR–RTK transactivation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Beaulieu JM, Gainetdinov RR (2011) The physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of dopamine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 63:182–217

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Hubbard SR (1999) Structural analysis of receptor tyrosine kinases. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 71:343–358

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Daub H, Weiss FU, Wallasch C, Ullrich A (1996) Role of transactivation of the EGF receptor in signalling by G-protein-coupled receptors. Nature 379:557–560

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Almendro V, Garcia-Recio S, Gascon P (2010) Tyrosine kinase receptor transactivation associated to G protein-coupled receptors. Curr Drug Targets 11:1169–1180

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Delcourt N, Bockaert J, Marin P (2007) GPCR-jacking: from a new route in RTK signalling to a new concept in GPCR activation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 28:602–607

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Wetzker R, Bohmer FD (2003) Transactivation joins multiple tracks to the ERK/MAPK cascade. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 4:651–657

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Maretzky T, Evers A, Zhou W et al (2011) Migration of growth factor-stimulated epithelial and endothelial cells depends on EGFR transactivation by ADAM17. Nat Commun 2:229

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Werry TD, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A (2005) “Ins and outs” of seven-transmembrane receptor signalling to ERK. Trends Endocrinol Metab 16:26–33

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Oak JN, Lavine N, Van Tol HH (2001) Dopamine D(4) and D(2 L) Receptor Stimulation of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Is Dependent on trans-Activation of the Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 60:92–103

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Chi SS, Vetiska SM, Gill RS, Hsiung MS, Liu F, Van Tol HH (2010) Transactivation of PDGFRbeta by dopamine D4 receptor does not require PDGFRbeta dimerization. Mol Brain 3:22

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Heldin CH, Westermark B (1999) Mechanism of action and in vivo role of platelet-derived growth factor. Physiol Rev 79:1283–1316

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Daniel TO, Milfay DF, Escobedo J, Williams LT (1987) Biosynthetic and glycosylation studies of cell surface platelet-derived growth factor receptors. J Biol Chem 262:9778–9784

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Gill RS, Hsiung MS, Sum CS, Lavine N, Clark SD, Van Tol HH (2010) The dopamine D4 receptor activates intracellular platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta to stimulate ERK1/2. Cell Signal 22:285–290

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Wang C, Buck DC, Yang R, Macey TA, Neve KA (2005) Dopamine D2 receptor stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases mediated by cell type-dependent transactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases. J Neurochem 93:899–909

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Lei S, Lu WY, Xiong ZG, Orser BA, Valenzuela CF, MacDonald JF (1999) Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-induced feed-forward inhibition of excitatory transmission between hippocampal pyramidal neurons. J Biol Chem 274:30617–30623

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Valenzuela CF, Xiong Z, MacDonald JF et al (1996) Platelet-derived growth factor induces a long-term inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function. J Biol Chem 271:16151–16159

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Beazely MA, Lim A, Li H et al (2009) Platelet-derived growth factor selectively inhibits NR2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in CA1 hippocampal neurons. J Biol Chem 284:8054–8063

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kotecha SA, Oak JN, Jackson MF et al (2002) A D2 class dopamine receptor transactivates a receptor tyrosine kinase to inhibit NMDA receptor transmission. Neuron 35:1111–1122

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Beazely MA, Tong A, Wei WL, Van Tol H, Sidhu B, MacDonald JF (2006) D2-class dopamine receptor inhibition of NMDA currents in prefrontal cortical neurons is platelet-derived growth factor receptor-dependent. J Neurochem 98:1657–1663

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Nair VD, Sealfon SC (2003) Agonist-specific transactivation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathway mediated by the dopamine D2 receptor. J Biol Chem 278:47053–47061

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. O’Keeffe GC, Tyers P, Aarsland D, Dalley JW, Barker RA, Caldwell MA (2009) Dopamine-induced proliferation of adult neural precursor cells in the mammalian subventricular zone is mediated through EGF. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:8754–8759

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. O’Keeffe GC, Barker RA (2011) Dopamine stimulates epidermal growth factor release from adult neural precursor cells derived from the subventricular zone by a disintegrin and metalloprotease. Neuroreport 22:956–958

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ohtsu H, Dempsey PJ, Eguchi S (2006) ADAMs as mediators of EGF receptor transactivation by G protein-coupled receptors. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 291:C1–C10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Yoon S, Baik JH (2013) Dopamine D2 receptor-mediated epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation through a disintegrin and metalloprotease regulates dopaminergic neuron development via extracellular signal-related kinase activation. J Biol Chem 288:28435–28446

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Beom S, Cheong D, Torres G, Caron MG, Kim KM (2004) Comparative studies of molecular mechanisms of dopamine D2 and D3 receptors for the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. J Biol Chem 279:28304–28314

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Mannoury la Cour C, Salles MJ, Pasteau V, Millan MJ (2011) Signaling pathways leading to phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3beta by activation of cloned human and rat cerebral D(2)and D(3) receptors. Mol Pharmacol 79:91–105

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Salles MJ, Herve D, Rivet JM et al (2013) Transient and rapid activation of Akt/GSK-3beta and mTORC1 signaling by D3 dopamine receptor stimulation in dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens. J Neurochem 125:532–544

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Kim SJ, Kim MY, Lee EJ, Ahn YS, Baik JH (2004) Distinct regulation of internalization and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by two isoforms of the dopamine D2 receptor. Mol Endocrinol 18:640–652

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Beaulieu JM, Del’guidice T, Sotnikova TD, Lemasson M, Gainetdinov RR (2011) Beyond cAMP: The Regulation of Akt and GSK3 by Dopamine Receptors. Front Mol Neurosci 4:38

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Iwakura Y, Wang R, Abe Y et al (2011) Dopamine-dependent ectodomain shedding and release of epidermal growth factor in developing striatum: target-derived neurotrophic signaling (Part 2). J Neurochem 118:57–68

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Iwakura Y, Nawa H, Sora I, Chao MV (2008) Dopamine D1 receptor-induced signaling through TrkB receptors in striatal neurons. J Biol Chem 283:15799–15806

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kruk JS, Vasefi MS, Liu H, Heikkila JJ, Beazely MA (2013) 5-HT(1A) receptors transactivate the platelet-derived growth factor receptor type beta in neuronal cells. Cell Signal 25:133–143

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Lee FS, Rajagopal R, Chao MV (2002) Distinctive features of Trk neurotrophin receptor transactivation by G protein-coupled receptors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 13:11–17

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Quan W, Kim JH, Albert PR, Choi H, Kim KM (2008) Roles of G protein and beta-arrestin in dopamine D2 receptor-mediated ERK activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 377:705–709

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Prenzel N, Zwick E, Daub H et al (1999) EGF receptor transactivation by G-protein-coupled receptors requires metalloproteinase cleavage of proHB-EGF. Nature 402:884–888

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Pierce KL, Tohgo A, Ahn S, Field ME, Luttrell LM, Lefkowitz RJ (2001) Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor-dependent ERK activation by G protein-coupled receptors: a co-culture system for identifying intermediates upstream and downstream of heparin-binding EGF shedding. J Biol Chem 276:23155–23160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Swift JL, Godin AG, Dore K et al (2011) Quantification of receptor tyrosine kinase transactivation through direct dimerization and surface density measurements in single cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:7016–7021

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Ueno H, Colbert H, Escobedo JA, Williams LT (1991) Inhibition of PDGF beta receptor signal transduction by coexpression of a truncated receptor. Science 252:844–848

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Gronwald RG, Grant FJ, Haldeman BA et al (1988) Cloning and expression of a cDNA coding for the human platelet-derived growth factor receptor: evidence for more than one receptor class. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85:3435–3439

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Rajagopal R, Chen ZY, Lee FS, Chao MV (2004) Transactivation of Trk neurotrophin receptors by G-protein-coupled receptor ligands occurs on intracellular membranes. J Neurosci 24:6650–6658

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Pyne NJ, Waters C, Moughal NA, Sambi BS, Pyne S (2003) Receptor tyrosine kinase-GPCR signal complexes. Biochem Soc Trans 31:1220–1225

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Lee FS, Chao MV (2001) Activation of Trk neurotrophin receptors in the absence of neurotrophins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:3555–3560

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Vasefi MS, Kruk JS, Liu H, Heikkila JJ, Beazely MA (2012) Activation of 5-HT7 receptors increases neuronal platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor expression. Neurosci Lett 511:65–69

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Vasefi MS, Kruk JS, Heikkila JJ, Beazely MA (2013) 5-Hydroxytryptamine type 7 receptor neuroprotection against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity is PDGFbeta receptor dependent. J Neurochem 125:26–36

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Kruk JS, Vasefi MS, Heikkila JJ, Beazely MA (2013) Reactive oxygen species are required for 5-HT-induced transactivation of neuronal platelet-derived growth factor and TrkB receptors, but not for ERK1/2 activation. PLoS One 8:e77027

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Zhen X, Zhang J, Johnson GP, Friedman E (2001) D(4) dopamine receptor differentially regulates Akt/nuclear factor-kappa b and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways in D(4)MN9D cells. Mol Pharmacol 60:857–864

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Choi EY, Jeong D, Park KW, Baik JH (1999) G protein-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by two dopamine D2 receptors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 256:33–40

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Jin M, Min C, Zheng M et al (2013) Multiple signaling routes involved in the regulation of adenylyl cyclase and extracellular regulated kinase by dopamine D(2) and D(3) receptors. Pharmacol Res 67:31–41

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Guerrero C, Pesce L, Lecuona E, Ridge KM, Sznajder JI (2002) Dopamine activates ERKs in alveolar epithelial cells via Ras-PKC-dependent and Grb2/Sos-independent mechanisms. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 282:L1099–L1107

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Cai G, Zhen X, Uryu K, Friedman E (2000) Activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases is associated with a sensitized locomotor response to D(2) dopamine receptor stimulation in unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. J Neurosci 20:1849–1857

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Luttrell LM (2005) Composition and function of g protein-coupled receptor signalsomes controlling mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. J Mol Neurosci 26:253–264

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Rozengurt E (2007) Mitogenic signaling pathways induced by G protein-coupled receptors. J Cell Physiol 213:589–602

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Conway AM, Rakhit S, Pyne S, Pyne NJ (1999) Platelet-derived-growth-factor stimulation of the p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in airway smooth muscle: role of pertussis-toxin-sensitive G-proteins, c-Src tyrosine kinases and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Biochem J 337(Pt 2):171–177

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Alderton F, Rakhit S, Kong KC et al (2001) Tethering of the platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor to G-protein-coupled receptors. A novel platform for integrative signaling by these receptor classes in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 276:28578–28585

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Pyne NJ, Pyne S (2011) Receptor tyrosine kinase-G-protein-coupled receptor signalling platforms: out of the shadow? Trends Pharmacol Sci 32:443–450

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Pyne NJ, Waters C, Moughal NA, Sambi B, Connell M, Pyne S (2004) Experimental systems for studying the role of G-protein-coupled receptors in receptor tyrosine kinase signal transduction. Methods Enzymol 390:451–475

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Freedman NJ, Kim LK, Murray JP et al (2002) Phosphorylation of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta and epidermal growth factor receptor by G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2. Mechanisms for selectivity of desensitization. J Biol Chem 277:48261–48269

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Wu JH, Goswami R, Kim LK, Miller WE, Peppel K, Freedman NJ (2005) The platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta phosphorylates and activates G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2. A mechanism for feedback inhibition. J Biol Chem 280:31027–31035

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Wu JH, Goswami R, Cai X et al (2006) Regulation of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta by G protein-coupled receptor kinase-5 in vascular smooth muscle cells involves the phosphatase Shp2. J Biol Chem 281:37758–37772

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Cai X, Wu JH, Exum ST et al (2009) Reciprocal regulation of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta and G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 by cross-phosphorylation: effects on catalysis. Mol Pharmacol 75:626–636

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Hupfeld CJ, Olefsky JM (2007) Regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling by GRKs and beta-arrestins. Annu Rev Physiol 69:561–577

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Chen CH, Cheng TH, Lin H et al (2006) Reactive oxygen species generation is involved in epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation through the transient oxidization of Src homology 2-containing tyrosine phosphatase in endothelin-1 signaling pathway in rat cardiac fibroblasts. Mol Pharmacol 69:1347–1355

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Hu Y, Kang C, Philp RJ, Li B (2007) PKC delta phosphorylates p52ShcA at Ser29 to regulate ERK activation in response to H2O2. Cell Signal 19:410–418

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Kim YK, Bae GU, Kang JK et al (2006) Cooperation of H2O2-mediated ERK activation with Smad pathway in TGF-beta1 induction of p21WAF1/Cip1. Cell Signal 18:236–243

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Mbong N, Anand-Srivastava MB (2012) Hydrogen peroxide enhances the expression of Gialpha proteins in aortic vascular smooth cells: role of growth factor receptor transactivation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 302:H1591–H1602

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Tanimoto T, Lungu AO, Berk BC (2004) Sphingosine 1-phosphate transactivates the platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 94:1050–1058

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Ushio-Fukai M, Hilenski L, Santanam N et al (2001) Cholesterol depletion inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation by angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle cells: role of cholesterol-rich microdomains and focal adhesions in angiotensin II signaling. J Biol Chem 276:48269–48275

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Means CK, Miyamoto S, Chun J, Brown JH (2008) S1P1 receptor localization confers selectivity for Gi-mediated cAMP and contractile responses. J Biol Chem 283:11954–11963

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Long JS, Natarajan V, Tigyi G, Pyne S, Pyne NJ (2006) The functional PDGFbeta receptor-S1P1 receptor signaling complex is involved in regulating migration of mouse embryonic fibroblasts in response to platelet derived growth factor. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 80:74–80

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Waters C, Sambi B, Kong KC et al (2003) Sphingosine 1-phosphate and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) act via PDGF beta receptor-sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor complexes in airway smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 278:6282–6290

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Patel HH, Murray F, Insel PA (2008) G-protein-coupled receptor-signaling components in membrane raft and caveolae microdomains. Handb Exp Pharmacol 167–184

    Google Scholar 

  72. Bhatnagar A, Sheffler DJ, Kroeze WK, Compton-Toth B, Roth BL (2004) Caveolin-1 interacts with 5-HT2A serotonin receptors and profoundly modulates the signaling of selected Galphaq-coupled protein receptors. J Biol Chem 279:34614–34623

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Fiorica-Howells E, Hen R, Gingrich J, Li Z, Gershon MD (2002) 5-HT(2A) receptors: location and functional analysis in intestines of wild-type and 5-HT(2A) knockout mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 282:G877–G893

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Gambara G, Billington RA, Debidda M et al (2008) NAADP-induced Ca(2+ signaling in response to endothelin is via the receptor subtype B and requires the integrity of lipid rafts/caveolae. J Cell Physiol 216:396–404

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Kong MM, Hasbi A, Mattocks M, Fan T, O’Dowd BF, George SR (2007) Regulation of D1 dopamine receptor trafficking and signaling by caveolin-1. Mol Pharmacol 72:1157–1170

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Oh YB, Gao S, Lim JM, Kim HT, Park BH, Kim SH (2011) Caveolae are essential for angiotensin II type 1 receptor-mediated ANP secretion. Peptides 32:1422–1430

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Yamaguchi T, Murata Y, Fujiyoshi Y, Doi T (2003) Regulated interaction of endothelin B receptor with caveolin-1. Eur J Biochem 270:1816–1827

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Yu P, Yang Z, Jones JE et al (2004) D1 dopamine receptor signaling involves caveolin-2 in HEK-293 cells. Kidney Int 66:2167–2180

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Barbeau A, Swift JL, Godin AG, De Koninck Y, Wiseman PW, Beaulieu JM (2013) Spatial intensity distribution analysis (SpIDA): a new tool for receptor tyrosine kinase activation and transactivation quantification. Methods Cell Biol 117:1–19

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. George AJ, Hannan RD, Thomas WG (2013) Unravelling the molecular complexity of GPCR-mediated EGFR transactivation using functional genomics approaches. FEBS J 280:5258–5268

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10 Victoria Street South, Kitchener, ON, Canada, N2G 1C5

    Jeff S. Kruk, Azita Kouchmeshky & Michael A. Beazely B.S.P., Ph.D.

  2. Departments of Medical Science and Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada

    Nicholas Grimberg

  3. School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Marina Rezkella

Authors
  1. Jeff S. Kruk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Azita Kouchmeshky
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nicholas Grimberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Marina Rezkella
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Michael A. Beazely B.S.P., Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael A. Beazely B.S.P., Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

    Mario Tiberi

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Kruk, J.S., Kouchmeshky, A., Grimberg, N., Rezkella, M., Beazely, M.A. (2015). Transactivation of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases by Dopamine Receptors. In: Tiberi, M. (eds) Dopamine Receptor Technologies. Neuromethods, vol 96. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2196-6_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2196-6_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2195-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-2196-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation