Skip to main content

Colorectal Cancer Survivorship Management

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Advances in Cancer Survivorship Management

Part of the book series: MD Anderson Cancer Care Series ((MDCCS))

  • 1385 Accesses

Abstract

An estimated 96,830 new cases of colon cancer and 40,000 new cases of rectal cancer occurred in 2014, according to the most recent estimates from the American Cancer Society. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that the number of survivors of all types of cancer increased from 9.8 million in 2001 to 11.7 million in 2007, and about 10 % of these were survivors of colorectal cancer (CRC). By the year 2030, the number of patients with CRC is estimated to increase by as much as 30 %. Given these overwhelming demographic changes, it is extremely important to improve our understanding of the essential health care needs and management issues of long-term CRC survivors. The term “cancer survivor” is now commonly used to describe a person from the time of cancer diagnosis through the remaining years of life. This chapter addresses CRC survivorship care and management issues, including risk evaluation, proper staging, available treatment options, surveillance recommendations, quality of life concerns, and prevention of recurrence.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Suggested Readings

  • Abdalla EK, Vauthey JN, Ellis L, et al. Recurrence and outcomes following hepatic resection, radiofrequency ablation, and combined resection/ablation for colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg 2004;239(6):818–825.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Adam R, Avisar E, Ariche A, et al. Five-year survival following hepatic resection after neoadjuvant therapy for nonresectable colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2001;8(4):347–353.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alberts SR, Horvath WL, Sternfeld WC, et al. Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for patients with unresectable liver-only metastases from colorectal cancer: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group phase II study. J Clin Oncol 2005;23(36):9243–9249.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American Cancer Society. Colorectal cancer facts and figures 2011–2013. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Joint Committee on Cancer. Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed. Chicago: AJCC; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arriaga Y, Becerra, CR. Adverse effects of bevacizumab and their management in solid tumors. Support Cancer Ther 2006;3(4):247–250.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2005 update of ASCO practice guideline recommendations for colorectal cancer surveillance: guideline summary. JOP 2005;1(4):137–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baddi L, Benson A III. Adjuvant therapy in stage II colon cancer: current approaches. The Oncologist 2005;10(5):325–331.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bamat M. Uridine triacetate: an orally administered, life-saving antidote for 5-FU overdose. J Clin Oncol 2011;28:15s.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbera L, Thomas G. Erythropoiesis stimulating agents, thrombosis and cancer. Radiother Oncol 2010;95(3):269–276.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baxter NN, Habermann EB, Tepper JE, Durham SB, Virnig BA. Risk of pelvic fractures in older women following pelvic irradiation. JAMA 2005;294(20):2587–2593.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benson AB III, Schrag D, Somerfield MR, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology recommendations on adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II colon cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004;22(16):3408–3419.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bosset JF, Collette L, Calais G, et al. Chemotherapy with preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2006;355(11):1114–1123.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calder K, Pollitz K. What cancer survivors need to know about health insurance. http://www.canceradvocacy.org/assets/documents/health-insurance-publication-2012.pdf. Accessed November 12, 2012.

  • Calpista A. Functional urological complications after colo-rectal cancer. Pelviperineology 2007;26:38–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cappell MS. Colon cancer during pregnancy. The gastroenterologist’s perspective. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1998;27(1):225–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan YM, Ngai SW, Lao TT. Colon cancer in pregnancy. A case report. J Reprod Med 1999;44(8):733–736.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang DZ, Kumar V, Ma Y, Li K, Kopetz S. Individualized therapies in colorectal cancer: KRAS as a marker for response to EGFR-targeted therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2009;2:18.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chao A, Thun MJ, Jacobs EJ, Henley SJ, Rodriguez C, Calle EE. Cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer mortality in the cancer prevention study II. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92(23):1888–1896.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Child, PW, Yan TD, Perera DS, Morris DL. Surveillance-detected hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer had a survival advantage in seven-year follow-up. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48(4):744–748.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cho E, Smith-Warner SA, Ritz J, et al. Alcohol intake and colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 8 cohort studies. Ann Intern Med 2004;140(8):603–613.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen-Kerem R, Railton C, Oren D, Lishner M, Koren G. Pregnancy outcome following non-obstetric surgical intervention. Am J Surg 2005;190(3):467–473.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colon Cancer Alliance. Quality of life issues. http://www.ccalliance.org/issues/quality_ostomy.html. Published 2012. Accessed November 12, 2012.

  • Daniel CR, McCullough ML, Patel RC, et al. Dietary intake of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids and risk of colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort of U.S. men and women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(2):516–525.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeCosse JJ, Cennerazzo WJ. Quality-of-life management of patients with colorectal cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 1997;47(4):198–206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denlinger CS, Barsevick AM. The challenges of colorectal cancer survivorship. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2009;7(8):883–893.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Desch CE, Benson AB III, Somerfield MR, et al. Colorectal cancer surveillance: 2005 update of an American Society of Clinical Oncology practice guideline. J Clin Oncol 2005;23(33):8512–8519.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donna M (2007). Colorectal cancer fast facts. http://coloncancer.about.com/od/fastfacts/a/FF_CRC_Survival.htm. Published 2007. Accessed November 12, 2012.

  • Engel J, Kerr J, Schlesinger-Raab A, Eckel R, Sauer H, Holzel D. Quality of life in rectal cancer patients: a four-year prospective study. Ann Surg 2003;238(2):203–213.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman DM, Looker AC, Chang SC, Graubard BI. Prospective study of serum vitamin D and cancer mortality in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99(21):1594–1602.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gatta G, Ciccolallo L, Capocaccia R, et al. Differences in colorectal cancer survival between European and US populations: the importance of sub-site and morphology. Eur J Cancer 2003;39(15):2214–2222.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gensheimer M, Jones CA, Graves CR, Merchant NB, Lockhart AC. Administration of oxaliplatin to a pregnant woman with rectal cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2009;63(2):371–373.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guyot F, Faivre J, Manfredi S, Meny B, Bonithon-Kopp C, Bouvier AM. Time trends in the treatment and survival of recurrences from colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 2005;16(5):756–761.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartman TJ, Albert PS, Snyder K, et al. The association of calcium and vitamin D with risk of colorectal adenomas. J Nutr 2005;135(2):252–259.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johns LE, Houlston RS. A systemic review and meta-analysis of familial colorectal cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96(10):1992–3003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr D, Gray R, Quirke P, et al. A quantitative multigene RT-PCR assay for prediction of recurrence in stage II colon cancer: selection of the genes in four large studies and results of the independent, prospectively designed QUASAR validation study. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:15s (suppl; abstract 4000).

    Google Scholar 

  • Laino C. Gene test predicts colon cancer recurrence risk. Oncology Times 2009;6(7):14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laura D. Knocking out the side effects of colorectal cancer treatment. http://www.ccalliance.org/treatment/side_effects_knockingout.html. Published 2010. Accessed November 12, 2012.

  • Meyerhardt JA, Heseltine D, Niedzwiecki D, et al. Impact of physical activity on cancer recurrence and survival in patients with stage III colon cancer: findings from CALGB 89803. J Clin Oncol 2006;24(22):3535–3541.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minter A, Malik R, Ledbetter L, Winokur TS, Hawn MT, Saif MW. Colon cancer in pregnancy. Cancer Control 2005;12(3):196–202.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Cancer Institute. Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) fact sheets: colon and rectum. http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/colorect.html. Published 2011. Accessed November 12, 2012.

  • National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship. Self advocacy: a cancer survivor’s handbook. http://www.canceradvocacy.org/assets/documents/self-advocacy-publication.pdf. Published July 15, 2011. Accessed November 12, 2012.

  • Ocvirk J, Cencelj S. Management of cutaneous side-effects of cetuximab therapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010;24(4):453–459.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pande M, Amos CI, Eng C, Frazier ML. Interactions between cigarette smoking and selected polymorphisms in xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in risk for colorectal cancer: a case-only analysis. Mol Carcinog 2010;49(11):974–980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Oncotype DX. Validated clinical benefits of the Oncotype DX® colon cancer assay. http://www.oncotypedx.com/en-US/Colon/HealthcareProfessionals/ColonCancerAssay/ClinicalSummary.Published November 2011. Accessed November 2012.

  • Popat S, Hubner R, Houlston RS. Systematic review of microsatellite instability and colorectal cancer prognosis. J Clin Oncol 2005;23(3):609–618.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothwell PM, Fowkes FG, Belch JF, Ogawa H, Warlow CP, Meade TW. Effect of daily aspirin on long-term risk of death due to cancer: analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials. Lancet 2011;377(9759):31–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saif MW. Management of colorectal cancer in pregnancy: a multimodality approach. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2005;5(4):247–256.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saif MW, Reardon J. Management of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2005;1(4):249–258.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Salazar R. Gene expression signature to improve prognosis prediction of stage II and III colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011;29(1):17–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silpakit C, Sirilerttrakul S, Jirajarus M, Sirisinha T, Sirachainan E, Ratanatharathorn V. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30): validation study of the Thai version. Qual Life Res 2006;15(1):167–172.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stenerson M. Chemotherapy drugs list for colon cancer. http://www.coloncancerresource.com/chemotherapy-drugs-list.html. Published 2009. Accessed November 12, 2012.

  • Surjushe A, Vasani R, Medhekar S, Thakre M, Saple DG. Hand-foot syndrome due to capecitabine. Indian J Dermat 2009;54(3):301–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Cancer survivorship. http://www.mdanderson.org/topics/survivorship. Published 2012. Accessed November 12, 2012.

  • Van Cutsem E, Nordlinger B, Cervantes A. Advanced colorectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for treatment. Ann Oncol 2010;21(Suppl 5):93–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolpin BM, Meyerhardt JA, Mamon HJ, Mayer RJ. Adjuvant treatment of colorectal cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 2007;57(3):168–185.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yaghoobi M, Koren G, Nulman I. Challenges to diagnosing colorectal cancer during pregnancy. Can Fam Physician 2009;55(9):881–885.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yeung RS, Moffat FL, Falk RE. Pelvic exenteration for recurrent colorectal carcinoma: a review. Cancer Invest 1994;12(2):176–188.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

We thank Jonathan Phillips, Department of Medical Oncology, for assisting us with editing this chapter.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Survivorship Algorithms

Survivorship Algorithms

These cancer survivorship algorithms have been specifically developed for MD Anderson using a multidisciplinary approach and taking into consideration circumstances particular to MD Anderson, including the following: MD Anderson’s specific patient population, MD Anderson’s services and structure, and MD Anderson’s clinical information. These algorithms are provided for informational purposes only and are not intended to replace the independent medical or professional judgment of physicians or other health care providers. Moreover, these algorithms should not be used to treat pregnant women.

Algorithm 6.1a
figure 1figure 1

Survivorship—colon cancer (page 1)

Algorithm 6.1b
figure 2

Survivorship—colon cancer (page 2)

Algorithm 6.2a
figure 3

Survivorship—rectal cancer (page 1)

Algorithm 6.2b
figure 4

Survivorship—rectal cancer (page 2)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ahmed, S.U., Eng, C. (2015). Colorectal Cancer Survivorship Management. In: Foxhall, L., Rodriguez, M. (eds) Advances in Cancer Survivorship Management. MD Anderson Cancer Care Series. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0986-5_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0986-5_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-0985-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-0986-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics