Abstract
Cholesterol helps to stabilize membrane fluidity and many membrane proteins interact with cholesterol and are functionally clustered in cholesterol rich “rafts.” Synaptic vesicle (SV) membranes are enriched in cholesterol in comparison to other organelles. Attempts to study the function of this high cholesterol content have been hampered by the inability to extract cholesterol from SVs in live presynaptic terminals. Here, we describe a method to extract vesicular cholesterol using a temperature-sensitive Drosophila dynamin mutant, shibire-ts1 (shi), to trap SVs on the plasma membrane. Trapped SVs are more accessible to cholesterol extraction by the cholesterol chelator, methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD). This method can likely be extended to extract other lipids from SVs and could also be used to add lipids. We speculate that this method could be used on mammalian preparations in conjunction with dynamin inhibitors.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Takamori S, Holt M, Stenius K et al (2006) Molecular anatomy of a trafficking organelle. Cell 127:831–846
Huang X, Warren JT, Buchanan J et al (2007) Drosophila Niemann-Pick type C-2 genes control sterol homeostasis and steroid biosynthesis: a model of human neurodegenerative disease. Development 134:3733–3742
Shreve SM, Yi SX, Lee RE Jr (2007) Increased dietary cholesterol enhances cold tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster. Cryo Lett 28:33–37
Wasser CR, Ertunc M, Liu X, Kavalali ET (2007) Cholesterol-dependent balance between evoked and spontaneous synaptic vesicle recycling. J Physiol 579:413–429
Linetti A, Fratangeli A, Taverna E et al (2010) Cholesterol reduction impairs exocytosis of synaptic vesicles. J Cell Sci 123:595–605
Zamir O, Charlton MP (2006) Cholesterol and synaptic transmitter release at crayfish neuromuscular junctions. J Physiol 571:83–99
Smith AJ, Sugita S, Charlton MP (2010) Cholesterol-dependent kinase activity regulates transmitter release from cerebellar synapses. J Neurosci 30:6116–6121
Dason JS, Smith AJ, Marin L, Charlton MP (2010) Vesicular sterols are essential for synaptic vesicle cycling. J Neurosci 30:15856–15865
Koenig JH, Ikeda K (1989) Disappearance and reformation of synaptic vesicle membrane upon transmitter release observed under reversible blockage of membrane retrieval. J Neurosci 9:3844–3860
Macleod GT, Marin L, Charlton MP, Atwood HL (2004) Synaptic vesicles: test for a role in presynaptic calcium regulation. J Neurosci 24:2496–2505
Dason JS, Smith AJ, Marin L, Charlton MP (2014) Cholesterol and F-actin are required for clustering of recycling synaptic vesicle proteins in the presynaptic plasma membrane. J Physiol 592:621–633
Grigliatti TA, Hall L, Rosenbluth R, Suzuki DT (1973) Temperature-sensitive mutations in Drosophila melanogaster. XIV. A selection of immobile adults. Mol Gen Genet 120:104–114
Poskanzer KE, Marek KW, Sweeney ST, Davis GW (2003) Synaptotagmin I is necessary for compensatory synaptic vesicle endocytosis in vivo. Nature 426:559–563
Miesenböck G, De Angelis DA, Rothman JE (1998) Visualizing secretion and synaptic transmission with pH-sensitive green fluorescent proteins. Nature 394:192–195
Macleod GT, Hegstrom-Wojtowicz M, Charlton MP, Atwood HL (2002) Fast calcium signals in Drosophila motor neuron terminals. J Neurophysiol 88:2659–2663
Verstreken P, Ohyama T, Bellen HJ (2008) FM 1-43 labeling of synaptic vesicle pools at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. Methods Mol Biol 440:349–369
Kay AR, Alfonso A, Alford S et al (1999) Imaging synaptic activity in intact brain and slices with FM1-43 in C. elegance, lamprey, and rat. Neuron 24:809–817
Rietveld A, Neutz S, Simons K, Eaton S (1999) Association of sterol- and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked proteins with Drosophila raft lipid microdomains. J Biol Chem 274:12049–12054
Phillips SE, Woodruff EA 3rd, Liang P et al (2008) Neuronal loss of Drosophila NPC1a causes cholesterol aggregation and age-progressive neurodegeneration. J Neurosci 28:6569–6582
Behmer ST, Nes WD (2003) Insect sterol nutrition and physiology: a global perspective. Adv Insect Physiol 31:1–72
Macia E, Ehrlich M, Massol R et al (2006) Dynasore, a cell-permeable inhibitor of dynamin. Dev Cell 10:839–850
Newton AJ, Kirchhausen T, Murthy VN (2006) Inhibition of dynamin completely blocks compensatory synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:17955–17960
Rodal AA, Blunk AD, Akbergenova Y et al (2011) A presynaptic endosomal trafficking pathway controls synaptic growth signaling. J Cell Biol 193:201–217
Douthitt HL, Luo F, McCann SD, Meriney SD (2011) Dynasore, an inhibitor of dynamin, increases the probability of transmitter release. Neuroscience 172:187–195
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by a grant from CIHR, Canada MOP-82827 (M.P.C.).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Dason, J.S., Charlton, M.P. (2014). A Novel Extraction Protocol to Probe the Role of Cholesterol in Synaptic Vesicle Recycling. In: Ivanov, A. (eds) Exocytosis and Endocytosis. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1174. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0944-5_25
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0944-5_25
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-0943-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-0944-5
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols