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Genetics of Male Fertility

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Human Fertility

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 1154))

Abstract

Early in embryogenesis, cells that are destined to become germ cells take on a different destiny from other cells in the embryo. The germ cells are not programmed to perform “vital” functions but to perpetuate the species through the transfer of genetic materials to the next generation. To fulfill their destiny, male germ cells undergo meiosis and extensive morphogenesis that transforms the round-shaped cells into freely motile sperm propelled by a beating flagellum to seek out their missing half. Apparently, extra genes and additional regulatory mechanisms are required to achieve all these unique features, and an estimated 11 % of genes are involved in fertility in Drosophila (Hackstein et al., Trends Genet 16(12):565–572, 2000). If comparative numbers of male fertility genes are needed in mammals, extra risks of male fertility problems are associated with disruptive mutations in those genes. Among human male infertility cases, approximately 22 % were classified as “idiopathic,” a term used to describe diseases of unknown causes, with idiopathic oligozoospermia being the most common semen abnormality (11.2 %) (Comhaire et al., Int J Androl (Suppl 7):1–53, 1987). “Idiopathic” is a widely used adjective that is used to reflect our lack of understanding of the genetics of male fertility. Fortunately, after more than two decades of phenotypic studies using knockout mice and identifying genes disrupted in spontaneous mutant mice, we have unveiled new and unexpected aspects of crucial gene functions for fertility. Other efforts to categorize genes involved in male fertility in mammals have suggested a total of 1,188 genes (Hermo et al., Microsc Res Tech 73(4):241–494, 2010). Although intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) can be used to bypass many fertilization obstacles to achieve fertilization with only a few extracted sperm, the widespread use of ICSI without proper knowledge for genetic testing and counseling could still potentially propagate pleiotropic gene mutations associated with male infertility and other genetic diseases (Alukal and Lamb, Urol Clin North Am 35(2):277–288, 2008). In this chapter, we give a brief account of major events during the development of male germ cells and focus on the functions of several crucial genes that have been studied in mutant mouse models and are potential causes of human male infertility.

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

      Yi-Nan Lin Ph.D.

    2. Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza S217, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

      Martin M. Matzuk M.D., Ph.D.

    3. Department Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

      Martin M. Matzuk M.D., Ph.D.

    4. Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

      Martin M. Matzuk M.D., Ph.D.

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    1. Yi-Nan Lin Ph.D.
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    2. Martin M. Matzuk M.D., Ph.D.
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    Correspondence to Martin M. Matzuk M.D., Ph.D. .

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    Editors and Affiliations

    1. The Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA

      Zev Rosenwaks

    2. Dept. Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

      Paul M. Wassarman

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    Lin, YN., Matzuk, M.M. (2014). Genetics of Male Fertility. In: Rosenwaks, Z., Wassarman, P. (eds) Human Fertility. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1154. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0659-8_2

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