Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Etiology of AIDS: Biological and Biochemical Characteristics of HTLV-III

  • Chapter
AIDS-Associated Syndromes

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 187))

  • 46 Accesses

Abstract

The human T-cell leukemia (lymphotropic) viruses comprise a group of retroviruses which share several structural, biochemical, and biological properties, and have been collectively named HTLV in accordance with guidelines established by a group of scientists at an international conference on human retroviruses (19, 79). The properties shared by all known members of the HTLV group include; 1) tropism for T-lymphocytes, 2) a high molecular weight, Mg+−preferring reverse transcriptase, 3) similar size, number and genomic organization of major core proteins, 4) cytopathic effect on infected cells, 5) prevalence of 3′ terminal gene, Lor, and double splicing mechanisms coding for a transactivating protein, 6) distant antigenic and nucleic acid relatedness, and 7) a likely African origin.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Alter, H.J., Eichberg, J.W., Masur, H., et al., Transmission of HTLV-III Infection from human plasma to chimpanzees: An animal model for AIDS, Science, 226: 549–552 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Arya, S.K., Gallo, R.C., Hahn, B.H. et al., Homology of genomes of AIDS-associated virus with genomes of human T-cell leukemia viruses, Science, 225: 927–930 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Barre-Sinoussi, F., Chermann, J.C., Rey, F., Nugeyne, M.T., Chamaret, S., Gruest, J., Dauguet, C., Axler-Blin, C., Vezinet-Brun, F., Rouzioux, C., Rozenbaum, W., and Montagnier, L., Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), Science, 220: 868–871 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bieberfeld, G., Bredberg-Ruden, U., Battiger, B., Antibodies to human T-lymphotropic yirus (HTLV) type-III demonstrated by a dot immunobinding assay, Scand. J. Immunol., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Broder, S., Gallo, R.C., A pathogenic retrovirus (HTLV-III) linked to AIDS, N. Engl. J. Med., 311: 1292–1297 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Brun-Vezinet, F., Rouzioux C., Montagnier, L., et al., Prevalence of antibodies to lymphadenopathy-associated retrovirus in African patients with AIDS, Science, 226: 453–456 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Centers for Disease Control Task Force on Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections, Epidemiological aspects of the current outbreak of Kaposi’s sarcoma and opportunistic infections, N. Engl. J. Med., 306: 248–252 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Clumeck, N., Sonnett, J., Taelman, H., Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in African Patients, N. Engl. J. Med., 310: 492–497 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Cheingson-Popov, R., Weiss, R.A., Dalgleish, A., Prevalence of antibody to HTLV-III in AIDS and AIDS-risk patients in Britain, The Lancet, i: 477–480 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Dalgliesh, H.G., Beverly, P.C.L., Clapham, M., et al., The CD4 (T4) antigen is an essential component of the receptor for the AIDS retrovirus, Nature, 312: 763–767 (1984).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Essex, M., McLane, M.F., Lee, T.H., Falk, L., Howe, C.W.S., Mullins, J.I., Cabradilla, C., and Francis, D.P., Antibodies to cell membrane antigens associated with human T-cell leukemia virus in patients with AIDS, Science, 220: 859–862 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Essex, M.E., McLane, M.F., Tachibana, N., Francis, D.P., and Lee, T.-H., Seroepidemiology of human T-cell leukemia virus in relation to immunosuppression and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, in: “Human T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Virus”, R.C. Gallo, M. Essex and L. Gross, eds., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Epstein, L.G., Sharer, L.R., Joshi, V.V., Progressive encephalopathy in children with AIDS, Ann. Neurol,, (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Frazer, I.H., Sarngadharan, M.G., Mackay, J.R., et al., Antibody to human T-cell leukemia virus Type-Ill in Australian homosexual men with lymphadenopathy, The Medical J. of Australia, 141: 224–226 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Fauci, A.S., Macher, A.M., Longo, D.L., et al., Acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome: epidemiological, clinical, immunologic and therapeutic considerations, Ann. Intern. Med., 160: 92–106 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Feorino, P.M., Kalyanaraman, V.S., Haverkos, H.W., et al., Lymphadenopathy associated virus infection of a blood donor-recipient pair with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Science, 225: 69–72 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Gallo, R.C., Human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus and T-cell malignancies in adults, in: “Cancer Surveys”, L.M. Franks, J. Wyke, and R.A. Weiss, Vol. 3, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Gallo, R.C., Salahuddin, S.Z., Popovic, M., Shearer, G.M., Kaplan, M., Haynes, B.F., Palker, T.J., Redfield, R., Oleske, J., Safai, B., White, F., Foster, P., and Markham, P.D., Frequent Detection and Isolation of Cytopathic Retroviruses (HTLV-III) from Patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS, Science, 224: 500–503 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Gallo, R.C., Essex, M., and Gross, L., eds., “Human T-Cell Leukemia/ Lymphoma Virus”, Cold Spring Harbor Press, New York, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Gonda, M.A., Wong-Staal, F., Gallo, R.C., et al., Sequence homology and morphologic similarity of HTLV-III and visna virus, a pathogenic lentivirus, Science, 227: 173–177 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Groopman, J.E., Salahuddin, S.Z., Sarngadharan, M.G., Markham, P.D., Gonda, M., Sliski, A., Gallo, R.C., Isolation of HTLV-III from saliva of pre-AIDS, AIDS and healthy homosexual men at risk for AIDS, Science, 226: 447–449 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Guinan, M.E., Thomas, P.A., Pinsky, P.F., et al., Heterosexual and homosexual patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Ann Intern. Med., 100: 213–8 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Guo, H.G., Wong-Staal, F., Gallo, R.C., Novel viral sequences related to a human T-cell leukemia virus in T-cells of a seropositive baboon, Science, 223: 1195–1197 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Hahn, B.H., Shaw, G.M., Popovic, M., et al., Molecular cloning and analysis of a new variant of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLVIb) from an African patient with adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma, Int. J. Cancer, 34: 613–618 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hahn, B.H., Shaw, G.M., Arya, S.K., et al., Molecular cloning and characterization of the virus associated with AIDS (HTLV-III), Nature, 312: 166–169 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Harris, C., Small, C.B., Klein, R.E., et al., Immunodeficiency in female sexual partners of men with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, N. Engl. J. Med., 308: 1181–4 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Haseltine, W.A., Sodroski, J., Patarca, R., et al., Structure of 3’ terminal region of type II human T lymphotropic virus: Evidence for new coding region Science, 225: 419–421 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Hayami, M., Komuro, A., Nozawa, K., et al., Prevalence of antibody to adult T-cell leukemia virus-associated antigen (ATLVA) in Japanese monkeys and other non-human primates, Int. J. Cancer, 33: 179–183 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Hirsch, M.S., Wormser, C.P., Schooley, R.T., Risk of nosocomial infection with human T-cell lymphotropic virus III (HTLV-III), N. Engl. J. Med., 312: 1–4 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Ho, D.B., Schooling, R.T., Rota, T.R., Kaplan, J.C., Flyn, T., Salahuddin, Z., Gonda, M., and Hirsch, M.S., HTLV-III in the semen and blood of a healthy homosexual man, Science, 226: 451–453 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Jaffe, A.N., Sarngadharan, M.G., Durco, A., Serologic evidence of an etiologic role for a human T-lymphotropic retrovirus in transfusion-associated AIDS, Submitted.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Kalyanaraman, V.S., Sarngadharan, M.G., Bunn, P.A., Minna, J.D., and Gallo, R.C., Antibodies in human sera reactive against an internal structural protein of human T-cell lymphoma virus, Nature, 294: 271–273 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Kalyanaraman, V.S., Sarngadharan, M.G., Robert-Gufoff, M., Miyoshi I, Blayney, D., Golde, D., and Gallo, R.C., A new subtype of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-II) assocated with a T-cell varient of hairy cell leukemia, Science, 218: 571–573 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Keshet, E. and Temin, H.M., Cell killing by spleen necrosis virus is correlated with a transcient accumulation of spleen necrosis virus DNA, J. Virol., 31: 376–388 (1979).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Kiyokawa, T., Seiki, M., et al., Identification of a protein (p40) encoded by a 3’-OH sequence pX of human T-cell leukemia virus type-I, Gann, 25: 247–251 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Krohn, K., Ranki, A., Antoner, J., Immune functions in homosexual men with antibodies to HTLV-III in Finland, Clin. Exp. Immunol., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Lange-Wantzin, C., Saxinger, W.C., Gallo, R.C., Prevalence of HTLV-III antibodies in Danish homosexuals with venereal disease, ACTA Dermat., (Stockholm), in press.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Lawrence, J., and Mayer, S., Immunoregulatory lymphokines of T-hybridomas from AIDS patients: constitutive and inducible suppressor factors, Science, 225: 66–69 (1984).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Lee, T.H., Coligan, J.E., Homma, T., McLane, M.F., Tachibana, N., and Essex, M., Human T-cell leukemia virus-associated cell membrane antigens: Identity of the major antigens recognized by the virus infection, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. USA, 81: 3856–3860.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Mitsuya, H., Guo, H.G., Megson, Me., Transformation and cyto- pathogenic effect in an immune human T-cell clone infected by HTLV-I, Science, 223: 1293–1296 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  41. Lee, T.H., Coligan, J.E., Sodroski, J.G., et al., Antigen encoded by the 3’ terminal region of human T-cell leukemia virus: evidence for a functional gene, Science, 226: 57–61 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Levy, J.A., Hoffman, A.D., Kramer, S.M., Landin, J.A., Shimabukuro, J.M., and Oshiro, L.S., Isolation of lymphocytopathic retroviruses from San Francisco patients with AIDS, Science, 225: 840–842 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Markham, P.D., Salahuddin, S.Z., Veren, K., Orndorff, S., Gallo, R.C., Enhanced expression and isolation of HTLV-III using hydrocortisone and other hormones, Submitted, (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  44. Matherz, D., Leibowitch, J., Mathern, S., Antibodies to HTLV-III in serum from AIDS and patients at risk for AIDS in France, Submitted.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Mitsuya, H., Guo, H.G., Megson, Me., Transformation and cyto- pathogenic effect in an immune human T-cell clone infected by HTLV-I, Science, 223: 1293–1296 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Mitsuya, H., Matis, L.A., Megson, M., Bunn, P.A., Murray, C., Mann, D.L., Gallo, R.C., and Broder, S., Generation of an HLA-restricted cytotoxic T-cell line reactive against cultured tumor cells from a patient infected with human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus, J. Exp. Med., 158: 994–999 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Mitsuya, H., Popovic, M., Yarchoan, R., Matsushita, S., Gallo, R.C., Broder, S, Suramin protection of T-cells in vitro against infec- tivity and cytopathic effect of HTLV-III, Science, 226: 172–174 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Montagnier, L., Grust, J., Chamaret, S., Daugnet, C., Axler, C., Guetard, D., Nugeyre, M.T., Barre-Sinoussi, F., Cherman, J.C., Brunet, J.B., Klatzmann, D., Glockman, J.C., Adaptation of lymph- adenopathy-associated virus (LAV) to replication in EBV-transformed, B-lymphoblastoid cells lines, Science, 225: 63–66 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Montagnier, L., Chermann, J.C., Barre-Sinoussi, F., Chamaret, S., Gruest, J., Nugeyre, M.T., Rey, F., Dauguet, C., Axler-Blin, C., Vezinet-Brux, F., Rouzioux, C., Saimot, G.A., Rozenbaum, W., Gluckman, J.C., Klatzmann, D., Vilmer, E., Griscelli, C., Foyer- Gazengel, C., and Brunet, J.B., A new human T-lymphotropic retrovirus: characterization and possible role in lymphadenopathy and acquired immune deficiency syndrome, in: “Human T-cell leukemia (Lympoma Virus)”, R.C. Gallo, M.E. Enox, and L. Gross, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  50. O’Rear, J.J., and Temin, H.M., Spontaneous changes in the nucleotide sequence in proviruses of spleen necrosis virus, an avian retrovirus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei., 79: 1230–1234 (1982).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Oroszlan, S., Copeland, T.D., Kalyanaraman, V.S., Chemical analysis of human T-cell leukemia virus structural proteins, in: Human T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Virus, R.C. Gallo, M. Essex, L. Gross, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Plot, P., Taelman, H., Minlangu, K.B., Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a heterosexual population in Zaire., The Lancet, ii: 65–69 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  53. Popovic, M., Flomenberg, N., Volkman, D.J., Mann, D., Fauci, A.S., Dupont, B., and Gallo, R.C., Alteration of T-cell functions by infection with HTLV-I or HTLV-II, Science, 226: 459–462 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Popovic, M., Read-Conade, E., Gallo, R.C., T4 positive human neoplastic cell lines susceptible to and permissive for HTLV-III, Lancet, ii: 1473–1475 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Popovic, M., Sarngadharan, M.G., Reed, E., and Gallo, R.C., Detection, isolation, and continuous production of cytopathic human T lymphotropic retrovirus (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and pre- AIDS, Science, 224: 497–500 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Ratner, L., Haseltine, W., Patarea, R., et al., Complete nucleotide sequence of AIDS virus, HTLV-III, Nature, 313: 277–284 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Redfield, R., Markham, P.D., Salahuddin, S.Z., Frequent transmission of HTLV-III among spouses of patients with AIDS-related complex (ARC) and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS: A family study, J. Am. Med. Assoc., In press (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Robert-Guroff, M. and Gallo, R.C., Establishment of an etiologic relationship between the human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV) and adult T-cell leukemia, Blüt,:l–12 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  59. Robert-Guroff, M., Safai, B., Gelmann, E., HTLV-I specific antibody in AIDS patients and others at risk, Lancet, ii: 128–131 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  60. Safai, B., Sarngadharan, M.G., Groopman, J.E., et al., Seroepidemio- logical studies of HTLV-III in AIDS, Lancet, 1: 1438–1440 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Salahuddin, S.Z., Markham, P.D., Lindner, S.G., Gootenberg, J., Popovic, M., Hemmi, H., Sarin, P.S., and Gallo, R.C., Lymphokine production by cultured human T-cells transformed by human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus, Science, 223: 703–706 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Salahuddin, S.Z., Groopman, J., Markham, P.D., HTLV-III in symptom-free seronegative persons, The Lancet, ii: 1418–1420 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  63. Salahuddin, S.Z., Markham, P.D., Popovic, M., Sarngadharan, M.G., Orndorff, S., Pladager, A., Patel, A., Gold, J., Gallo, R.C., One hundred-and-one infectious HTLV-III isolates from AIDS and ARC patients and clinically normal donors at risk for AIDS, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Submitted (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  64. Sanchez-Pescador, R., Power, M.D., Barr, P.J., et al., Nucleotide sequence and expression of an AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV–2), Science, 227: 484–492 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Sarngadharan, M.G., Alludeen, H.S., and Gallo, R.C., Reverse transcriptase of RNA tumor viruses and animal cells, Method. Cancer Res., 12: 3–47 (1976).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Sarngadharan, M.G., Popovic, M., Bruch, L., Schupbach, J., Gallo, R.C., Antibodies reactive with a human T lymphotropic retrovirus (HTLV-III) in the sera of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome, Science, 224: 506–508 (1983).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Saxinger, W.C., Blattner, W.A., Levine, P.H., Clark, J., Biggar, R., Höh, M., Moghissi, J., Jacobs, P., Wilson, L., Jacobson, T., Crookes, R., Strong, M., Ansari, A.A., Dean, A.G., Nkrumah, R.K., Mourali, N., and Gallo, R.C., Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I) antibodies in Africa, Science, 225: 1473–1476 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Saxinger, W.X., Lange-Wentzin, G., Thomsen, K., Human T-cell leukemia virus: A disease family of related exogenous retroviruses of humans and Old World primates, in: Human T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Virus, R.C. Gallo, M. Essex, L. Gross, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY. (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  69. Saxinger, W.C., Levine, P.H., Dean, A.G., Evidence for exposure to HTLV-III in Uganda prior to 1973, Science, in press (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  70. Schupbach, J., Sarngadharan, M.G. and Gallo, R.C., Antigens on HTLV- infected cells recognized by leukemia and AIDS sera are related to HTLV viral glycoprotein, Science, 224: 607–610 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Schupbach, J., Haller, D., Vogt, M., Antbodies to HTLV-III in Swiss patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS and in groups at risk for AIDS, N. Engl. J. Med., in press, (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  72. Shaw, G.M., Gonda, M.A., Flickenger, G.H., et al., Genomes of evolutionarily divergent members of the HTLV family are highly conserved especially in pX, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei., 81: 4544–4548 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Shaw, G.M., Hahn, B.H., Arya, S.K., et al., Molecular characterization of HTLV-III in AIDS, Science, 226: 1165–1171 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Shaw, G.M., Harper, M.E., Hahn, B., et al., HTLV-III infection in brains of children and adults with AIDS encephalopathy, Science, 227: 177–182 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Snider, W.D., Simpson, D.M., Nielson, S., et al., Neuroogic complication of AIDS: Analysis of 50 patients, Ann. Neurol., 14: 403–418 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Sodroski, J., Rosen, C.A. and Haseltine, W.A., Trans-acting transcriptional activation of the long terminal repeat of HTLV in infected cells, Science, 225: 381–385 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Sodroski, J., Posner, C., Wong-Staal, F., et al., Trans-acting transcriptional regulation of human T-cell leukemia virus type-Ill long terminal repeat, Science, 227: 171–173 (1984).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Van, de Pere, P., Lepage, P., Kostelyn, P. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Rwanda, The Lancet, ii: 62–65 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  79. Wain-Hobson, F., Sonigo, P., Danos, D., et al., Nucleotide seuquence of the AIDS virus, LAV, Cell, 40: 9–17 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Watanabe, T., Seiki, M., and Yoshida M., Retrovirus terminology, Science, 222: 1178 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Weller, S.K., Joy, A.E., and Temin, H.M., Correlation obetween cell killing and massive second-round superinfection by members of some subgroups of Avian Leukosis Virus, J. Virol., 33: 494–506 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  82. Yamamoto, N., Kobayashi, N., Takouchi, K., et al., Characterization of African green monkey B-cell lines releasing an adult T-cell leukemia virus-related agent, Int. J. Cancer, 34: 77–82 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Zagury, D. Bernard, J., Leibowitch, J., Safai, B., Groopman, J.E., Veldman, M., Sarngadharan, Gallo, R.C., HTLV-III in cells cultured from semen of two patients with AIDS, Science, 226: 449–451 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20205, USA

    Phillip D. Markham, George M. Shaw, S. Zaki Salahuddin, Beatrice Hahn, M. G. Sarngadharan & Robert C. Gallo

Authors
  1. Phillip D. Markham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. George M. Shaw
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. S. Zaki Salahuddin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Beatrice Hahn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. M. G. Sarngadharan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Robert C. Gallo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. California College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA

    Sudhir Gupta

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Markham, P.D., Shaw, G.M., Salahuddin, S.Z., Hahn, B., Sarngadharan, M.G., Gallo, R.C. (1985). Etiology of AIDS: Biological and Biochemical Characteristics of HTLV-III. In: Gupta, S. (eds) AIDS-Associated Syndromes. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 187. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9430-7_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9430-7_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-9432-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-9430-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation