Abstract
It is now apparent that the three characterized hypothalamic hypo-physiotropic regulatory peptides have powerful biological activities on the pituitary gland, central nervous system, and, in the case of somatostatin, the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. The distribution of these peptides and a variety of immunological, physiological, and clinical studies have suggested that these peptides possess important physiological functions in each of these organ systems and could, under some circumstances, play pathophysiologic roles as well. In order to study and exploit these biologically important peptides, synthetic analogs have been developed which can be used for several investigational and clinical purposes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Burgus, R., M. Butcher, M. Amoss, N. Ling, M. Monahan, J. Rivier, R. Fellows, R. Blackwell, W. Vale, and R. Guillemin, “Primary structure of the hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) of ovine origin,” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 69: 278–282, 1972.
Matsuo, H., Y. Baba, R. Nair, A. Arimura, and A. Schally, “Structure of the porcine LH-and FSH-releasing hormone. I. Proposed amino acid sequence,” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 43: 1334–1339, 1971.
Momany, F.A., “Conformational energy analysis of the molecule, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. 2. Tetrapeptide and decapeptide analogues,” J. Am Chem Soc 98: 2996–3000, 1976.
Rivier, J., M. Brown, C. Rivier, N. Ling, and W. Vale, “Hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones,” Peptides 1976, A. Loffet (ed.), Editions de TUniversites de Bruxelles, Brussels, 1976, pp. 427–451.
Vale, W., C. Rivier, and M. Brown, “Regulatory peptides of the hypothalamus,” Ann Rev Physiol 39: 473–527, 1977.
Monahan, M., M. Amoss, H. Anderson, and W. Vale, “Synthetic analogs of the hypothalamic luteinizing hormone releasing factor with increased agonist or antagonist properties,” Biochemistry 12: 4616–4620, 1973.
Coy, D., J. Vilchez-Martinez, E. Coy. J.N. Nishi, A. Arimura, and A. Schally, “Polyfluroralkylamine derivatives of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone,” Biochemistry 14: 1848, 1973.
Rivier, J., N. Ling, M. Monahan, C. Rivier, M. Brown, and W. Vale, “Luteinizing hormone releasing factor and somatostatin analogs,” Peptides Chemistry, Structure, Biology, R. Walter and J. Meienhofer (eds.), Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1975, pp. 863–870.
Tyrrell, J.B., M. Lorenzi, J.E. Gerich, and P. Forsham, “Inhibition by somatostatin of ACTH secretion in Nelson’s syndrome,” J. Clin Endocrinol Metab 40: 1125–1127, 1975.
Vale, W., C. Rivier, M. Brown, J. Leppaluoto, N. Ling, M. Monahan, and J. Rivier, “Pharmacology of hypothalamic regulatory peptides,” Clin Endocrinol 5: 261–273, 1976.
Fujino, M., I. Yamazaki, S. Kobayashi, T. Fukada, S. Shinagawa, and R. Nakayama, “Some analogs of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) having intense ovulation-inducing activity,” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 57: 1248–1256, 1974.
Ling, N., and W. Vale, “Analogs of luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LRF). Synthesis and biological activity of [Nα-Me-Leu7]-LRF,” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 63: 801–806, 1975.
Konig, W., J. Sandow, and R. Greiger, “Structure-function relationships of LH-RH/FSH-RH,” Peptides: Chemistry, Structure and Biology, R. Walter and J. Meienhoffer (eds.), Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1975, pp. 175–179.
Coy, D., E. Coy, A. Schally, J. Vilchez-Martinez, Y. Hirotsu, and A. Arimura, “Synthesis and biological properties of [D-Ala6,Des-Gly-NH2-10]-LH-RH ethylamide, a peptide with greatly enhanced LH-and FSH-releasing activity,” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 57: 335–340, 1974.
Vale, W., C. Rivier, J. Rivier, N. Ling, M. Monahan, and R. Guillemin, “Synthetic and native substances modifying secretion of gonadotropins,” Endocrinology 96: A99, 1975.
Coy, D., E. Coy, A. Schally, E. Vilchez-Martinez, Y. Hirotsu, and A. Arimura, “Synthesis and biological properties of TD-Ala6,Des-Gly-NH2-10]-LH-RH ethylamide, a peptide with greatly enhanced LH-and FSH-releasing activity,” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 57: 335–340, 1974.
Jeffcoate, S.L., D. Holland, N. White, H. Fraser, A. Gunn, D. Crighton, J. Foster, E. Griffiths, K. Hooper, and P. Sharp, “The radioimmunoassay of hypothalamic hormones (TRH and LHRH) and related peptides in biological fluids” Hypothalamic Hormones: Chemistry, Physiology, Pharmacology and Clinical Uses, M. Motta, P. Crosignani, and L. Martini (eds), Academic Press, New York, 1975, pp. 279–298.
Koch, Y., T. Baram, P. Chobsieng, and M. Fridkin, “Enzymatic degradation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) by hypothalamic tissue,” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 61: 95–103, 1974.
Griffiths, E., K. Hooper, S. Jeffcoate, and D. Holland, “Possible control of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone by enzymatic degradation,” Lancet 2: 862, 1973.
Koch, Y., T. Baram, P. Chobsieng, and M. Fridkin, “Enzymatic degradation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) by hypothalamic tissue,” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 61: 95–103, 1974.
Marks, N., and F. Stern, “Enzymatic mechanisms for the inactivation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH),” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 61: 1458–1463, 1974.
Rippel, R., E. Johnson, W. White, M. Fujino, I. Yamazaki, and R. Nakayama, “Ovulating and LH-releasing activity of a highly potent analog of synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone,” Endocrinology 93: 1449–1452, 1973.
Mortimer, CH., G.M. Besser, and A.S. McNeilly, “Gonadotropin releasing hormone therapy in the induction of puberty, potency, spermatogenesis and ovulation in patients with hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal dysfunction,” Hypothalamic Hormones, M. Motta, P. Crosignani, and L. Martini (eds.), Academic Press, New York, 1975 pp. 325–336.
Schwarzstein, L., “Diagnostic and therapeutic use of LH-RH in the infertile man” Hypothalamus and Endocrine Functions, F. Labrie, J. Meites, and G. Pelletier (eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 1975, pp. 73–92.
Johnson, E., R.L. Gendrich, and W. White, “Delay of puberty and inhibition of reproductive processes in the rat by a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist analog,” Fertil Steril 27: 853–860, 1976.
Rivier, C., J. Rivier, and W. Vale, “Effects of [F-Trp6,Pro9-NEt]-LRF on reproductive processes in the female rat,” Endocrinology (submitted).
Beattie, C.W., and A. Corbin, “Pre-and Post-coital contraceptive activity of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in rats,” 58th Annual Meeting of Endocrine Society, San Francisco, 1976, p. 283, (Abstract no. 452).
Lin, Y.C., and K. Yoshinaga, “Inhibitory effect of GN-LH on ovum implantation in the rat,” 58th Annual Meeting of Endocrine Society, San Francisco, 1976, p. 143 (Abstract no. 174).
Dufau, M.L., L.Z. Beitins, J.W. McArthur, and I.J. Catt, “Effects of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) upon bioactive and immunoactive serum LH levels in normal subjects,” J. Clin Endocrinol Metab 43: 658–667, 1976.
Diebel, N.D., M. Yamanoto, and E.M. Bogdanove, “Discrepancies between radioimmunoassays and bioassay for rat FSH: evidence that androgen treatment and withdrawal can alter bioassay-immunoassay ratios,” Endocrinology 92: 1065–1078, 1973.
Conti, M., J.P. Harwood, A.J.W. Hsueh, M.L. Dufau, and K.J. Catt, “Gonadotropin-induced loss of hormone receptors and desensitization of adenylate cyclase in the ovary,” J. Biol Chem 251: 7729–7731, 1976.
Rippel, R.H., and E.S. Johnson, “Regression of corpora lutea in the rabbit after injection of a gonadotropin-releasing peptide,” Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 152: 29–32, 1976.
Vale, W., G. Grant, J. Rivier, M. Monahan, M. Amoss, N. Blackwell, R. Burgus, and R. Guillemin, “Synthetic polypeptide antagonists of the hypothalamic luteinizing hormone releasing factor,” Science 176: 933–934, 1972.
Vale, W., G. Grant, and R. Guillemin, “Chemistry of the hypothalamic releasing factors-studies on structure-function relationships,” Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, L. Martini and W. Ganong (eds.), Oxford University Press, New York, 1973, pp. 375–413.
Monahan, M., W. Vale, C. Rivier, G. Grant, and R. Guillemin, “Analogues of LRF with inhibitory action or greater potency than the natural decapeptide hormone,” Endocrinology 93: 194A, 1973.
Rees, R., T. Foell, S. Chai, and N. Grant, “Synthesis and biological activities of analogs of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) modified in position 2,” J. Med Chem 17: 1016–1019, 1974.
Monahan, M., M. Amoss, H. Anderson, and W. Vale, “Synthetic analogs of the hypothalamic luteinizing hormone releasing factor with increased agonist or antagonist properties,” Biochemistry 12: 4616–4620, 1973.
Bowers, C.Y., Y.P. Wan, J. Humphries, and K. Folkers, “Studies on inhibition of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone by an irreversible inhibitor at the receptor site,” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 61: 648–653, 1974.
Coy, D., A. Schally, J. Vilchez-Martinez, E. Coy, and A. Arimura, “Stimulatory and inhibitory analogs of LH-RH,” Hypothalamic Hormones: Chemistry, Physiology, Pharmacology and Clinical Uses, M. Motta, P. Crosignani, and L. Martini (eds.), Academic Press, New York, 1975, pp. 1–12.
De la Cruz, A., D. Coy, J. Vilchez-Martinez, A. Arimura, and A. Schally, “Blockade of ovulation in rats by inhibitory analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone,” Science 919: 195–196, 1976.
Humphries, J., Y.P. Wan, and K. Folkers, “Presence of proline in position 3 for potent inhibition of the activity of the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone and of ovulation,” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 72: 839–841, 1976.
De la Cruz, A., D.H. Coy, and A.V. Schally, “Blockade of the Preovulatory LH surge in hamsters by an inhibitory analog of LH-RH,” Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 149: 576–579, 1975.
Beattie, C.W., A. Corbin, T.J. Foell, V. Gorsky, W.A. McKinley, R.W.A. Rees, D. Sarantakis, and J.P. Yardley, “Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Antiovulatory activity of analogs substituted in positions 2 and 6,” J. Med Chem 718: 1247–1253, 1975.
Vale, W., and C. Rivier, “Hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones,” Handbook of Psychopharmacology, L.L. Iverson, S.D. Iverson, and S.H. Snyder (edsT), Plenum Press, New York, 1975, pp. 195–238.
Sievertsson, H., J. Chang, K. Folkers, and C. Bowers, “Synthesis of di-and tri-peptides and assay in vivo for activity in the thyrotropin releasing hormone and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone systems,” J Med Chem 15: 3–11, 1972.
Vale, W., G. Grant, and R. Guillemin, “Chemistry of the hypothalamic releasing factors-studies on structure-function relationships,” Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, L. Martini and W. Ganong (eds.), Oxford University Press, New York, 1973, pp. 375–413.
Hinkle, P., E. Woroch, and A. Tashjian, Jr., “Receptor-binding affinities and biological activities of analogs of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in prolactin-producing pituitary cells in culture,” J. Biol Chem 249: 3085–3090,1974.
Coy, D., Y. Hirotsu, T. Redding, E. Coy, and A. Schally, “Synthesis and biological properties of the 2-L-α-(pyrazolyl-1) alanine analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone,” J. Med Chem 18: 948, 1975.
Donzel, B., M. Goodman, J. Rivier, N. Ling, and W. Vale, “Synthesis and conformations of hypothalamic hormone releasing factors: two TRF-analogues containing backbone N-methyl groups,” Nature 256: 750–751, 1975.
Redding, T., and A. Schally, “Studies on the inactivation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH),” Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 131: 415–420, 1967.
Vale, W., R. Burgus, T. Dunn, and R. Guillemin, “In vitro plasma inactivation of thyrotropin releasing factor (TRF) and related peptides: Its inhibition by various means and by the synthetic dipeptide PCA-His-OMe,” Hormones 2: 193–203, 1971.
Rivier, C., and W. Vale, “In vivo stimulation of prolactin secretion in the rat by thyrotropin releasing factor and related peptides and hypothalamic extracts,” Endocrinology 95: 978–983, 1974.
Grant, G., W. Vale, and R. Guillemin, “Characteristics of the pituitary binding sites for thyrotropin-releasing factor,” Endocrinology 92: 1629–1633, 1973.
Prange, A., “Modification of pentobarbital effects by natural and synthetic polypeptides: Dissociation of brain and pituitary effects,” Life Sci 16: 1907–1914, 1975.
Veber, D.F., F.H. Holly, S.L. Varga, R. Hirschmann, R.F. Nutt, V.J. Lotti, and C.C. Porter, “The dissociation of hormonal and CNS effects in analogues of THR,” Peptides 1976, A. Loffet (ed.), Editions de l’Université de Bruxelles, Brussels, 1976, pp. 453–462.
Burt, D., and S. Snyder, “Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH): Apparent receptor binding in rat brain membranes,” Brain Res 93: 309–328, 1975.
Vale, W., P. Brazeau, C. Rivier, M. Brown, B. Boss, J. Rivier, R. Burgus, N. Ling, and R. Guillemin, “Somatostatin,” Recent Prog Horm Res 31: 365–397, 1975.
Rivier, J., P. Brazeau, W. Vale, and R. Guillemin, “Somatostatin analogs: Relative importance of the disulfide bridge and of the Ala-Gly side chain for biological activity,” J. Med Chem 18: 123–126, 1975.
Veber, D., R. Strachan, S. Bergstrand, F. Holly, C. Homnick, R. Hirschmann, M. Torchiana, and R. Saperstein, “Nonreducible cyclic analogues of somatostatin,” J. Am Chem Soc 98: 2367–2369, 1976.
Sarantakis, D., J. Teichman, E.L. Lien, and R.L. Fenichel, “A novel cyclic undecapeptide WY-40,770, with prolonged growth hormone release inhibiting activity,” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 73: 336–342, 1976.
Garsky, V., D. Clark, and N. Grant, “Synthesis of a nonreducible cyclic analog of somatostatin having only growth hormone release inhibiting activity,” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 73: 911–916, 1976.
Vale, W., P. Brazea, C. Rivier, J. Rivier, and R. Guillemin, “Biological studies with somatostatin,” Advances in Growth Hormone Research, National Institute of Health, Washington, D.C., 1973, pp. 159–182.
Rivier, J., M. Brown, C. Rivier, N. Ling, and W. Vale, “Hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones,” Peptides 1976, A. Loffet (ed.), Editions de l’Université de Bruxelles, Brussels, 1976, pp. 427–452.
Rivier, J., M. Brown, and W. Vale, “Tyrosylated analogs of somatostatin,” J. Med Chem 19: 1010–1013, 1976.
Arimura, A., H. Sato, D. Coy, and A. Schally, “Radioimmunoassay for GH-release inhibiting hormone,” Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 148: 784–789, 1975.
Patel, Y., G. Weir, and S. Reichlin, “Anatomic distribution of somatostatin (SRIF) in brain and pancreatic islets as studied by radioimmunoassay,” Endocrinology 96: A154, 1975.
Vale, W., N. Ling, C. Rivier, J. Rivier, J. Villarrea, and M. Brown, “Anatomic and phylogenetic distribution of somatostatin,” Metabolism 25: 1491–1494, 1976.
Brown, M., J. Rivier, and W. Vale, “Biological activity of somatostatin and somatostatin analogs on inhibition of arginine-induced insulin and glucagon release in the rat,” Endocrinology 98: 336–343, 1976.
Holladay, L., and D. Puett, “Physicochemical characteristics and a proposed conformation of somatostatin,” Peptides: Chemistry, Structure and Biology, R. Walter and J. Meienhoffer (eds.), Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1975, pp. 175–179.
Rivier, J., M. Brown, and W. Vale, “D-Trp8-somatostatin more potent than the native molecule,” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 65: 746–751, 1975.
Marks, N., and F. Stern, “Inactivation of somatostatin (GH-RIH) and its analogs by crude and partially purified rat brain extracts,” FEBS Lett 55: 220–224, 1975.
Gerich, J.E., M.A. Charles, S.R. Levin, P.H. Forsham, and G.H. Grodsky, “In vitro inhibition of pancreatic glucagon secretion by dephenylhydantoin,” J. Clin Endocrinol Metab 35: 823–824, 1972.
Petrack, B., A.J. Czernik, W. Itterly, J. Ansell, and H. Chertock, “On the suppression of insulin and glucagon release by diphenylhydantoin,” Diabetes (suppl 1) 25: 380, 1976.
Petrack, B., A.J. Czernik, W. Itterly, J. Ansell, and H. Chertock, “Diazepam: In vitro effects on glucagon and insulin release,” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 73: 934–939, 1976.
Sarantakis, D., W. McKinley, I. Jaunakais, D. Clark, and N. Grant, “Structure activity studies on somatostatin,” Clin Endocrinol 5: 275–278, 1976.
Brown, M., J. Rivier, and W. Vale, “Somatostatin analogs with dissociated biological activities,” Fed Proc 35: 782, 1976 (Abstract no. 3171).
Brown, M., J. Rivier, and W. Vale, “Somatostatin analogs with selected biological activities,” Science, 1977 (in press).
Vale, W., P. Brazeau, G. Grant, A. Nussey, R. Burgus, J. Rivier, N. Ling, and R. Guillemin, “Culture of enzymatic enzymatically dispersed anterior pituitary cells: Functional validation of a method,” Endocrinology 91: 562–572, 1972.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1977 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vale, W., Rivier, C., Brown, M., Rivier, J. (1977). Pharmacology of Thyrotropin Releasing Factor (TRF), Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Factor (LRF), and Somatostatin. In: Porter, J.C. (eds) Hypothalamic Peptide Hormones and Pituitary Regulation. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 87. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8849-8_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8849-8_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-8851-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-8849-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive