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Comparative Structure of the Respiratory Tract: Airway Architecture in Humans and Animals

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Pulmonary Immunotoxicology

Abstract

The mammalian respiratory system is a structurally complex arrangement of organs designed principally for the intake of oxygen and the elimination of carbon dioxide (i.e., respiration). Though its main function is gas exchange, the respiratory system is composed of specialized tissues and cells that have other important functions such as the production of proteins and lipids, the activation and inactivation of hormones, and the metabolism of xenobiotic compounds entering the body through inhalation or other routes. Another important function of the respiratory system is defense against inhaled infectious (e.g., bacteria, viruses, fungi) and non-infectious agents (e.g., respirable dusts and gaseous air pollutants). The respiratory tract comprises the largest mucosal surface of the body with an internal surface area that is 25 times greater than the external surface of the body covered by skin. In contrast to the other mucosa-lined organs of the body (e.g., alimentary and reproductive), that are only periodically exposed to the external environment, the respiratory organs are constantly being exposed to large amounts of inhaled air. An adult human at rest takes in 10,000-15,000 L of ambient air through the nasal passages each day. Therefore the respiratory tract serves as an important interface between the environment and the host and plays a crucial role in maintaining the immune status of the body.

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  1. Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Environmental Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA

    Jack R. Harkema D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P.

  2. Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    Charles G. Plopper Ph.D. & Kent E. Pinkerton Ph.D

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  1. Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA

    Mitchell D. Cohen , Judith T. Zelikoff  & Richard B. Schlesinger ,  & 

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Harkema, J.R., Plopper, C.G., Pinkerton, K.E. (2000). Comparative Structure of the Respiratory Tract: Airway Architecture in Humans and Animals. In: Cohen, M.D., Zelikoff, J.T., Schlesinger, R.B. (eds) Pulmonary Immunotoxicology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4535-4_1

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