Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Characterizing International Stem Cell Research Niches

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Regenerative Medicine Ethics

  • 1156 Accesses

Abstract

Regenerative medicine has evolved differently in global regions, in part due to policies and funding patterns but also due to their styles of governance within particular historical and political conditions. In this chapter, we review global research climates for stem cell-related research, analyzing infrastructure, governance, and funding patterns. We present considerations for reorienting science policy and research program planning gained from our observations and interviews with researchers in sites in North America, Europe, and Asia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    It is also important to remember that bounded entities such as “the state” may be friction with supranational entities such as the European Union, the World Trade Organization, and other transnational entities attempting to enforce global harmonization of policies, definitions, and practices (Jasanoff 2004).

  2. 2.

    de Vries et al. (2008) track the proportion of articles devoted to HESC, cloning, and other topics, showing the dominance of embryo-oriented concerns of bioethics articles.

  3. 3.

    Chapters 4 and 5 address the tensions between enforced data sharing (especially for genomic data) and capturing intellectual property. Given the debates on synthetic biology in Europe and, to a more limited extent, the USA, and the history of debates and policy implementation on gene therapy, it is remarkable that such issues have not been raised in stem cell research.

  4. 4.

    See, for example, the 2013 report on practices at US-based Precision Stem Cell at http://www.alsworldwide.org/documents/PrecisionStemCellReviewMarch192013.pdf and a subsequent blogpost discussing the report at http://www.healthintheglobalvillage.com/2013/05/06/precision-stemcell-selling-stem-cells-treating-individuals-with-als-as-human-guinea-pigs/.

  5. 5.

    Their work was published in 1963 in Nature (Becker et al. 1963).

  6. 6.

    Coauthor Peter Zandstra is currently Chief Scientific Officer of the CCRM.

  7. 7.

    A summary of the guidelines can be found at http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/42071.html.

  8. 8.

    The USA has been extensively discussed elsewhere; therefore, only key points for comparison will be covered here. See, for example, Johnson et al. (2011), Lysaght et al. (2008), Rao (2009), and Salter and Salter (2010).

  9. 9.

    States enacting stem cell funding mechanisms are listed at http://stemcells.nih.gov/research/pages/stateResearch.aspx.

  10. 10.

    CAMR recently merged into the ARM.

  11. 11.

    The statement on August9, 2001 attempted to make a compromise, by allowing limited federal funding for certain lines approved by the NIH as meeting the following criteria: They must have been derived with donor consent and without financial incentives; they must have come from embryos created for reproductive purposes but not used. Lines from 14 countries were initially included; ultimately only 21 were available to researchers for use, as many were of poor quality or had restrictions on use.

  12. 12.

    The National Stem Cell Bank was housed within WiCell at the University of Wisconsin. Federal funding for the bank ended in 2010, but banking services continued as the WISCBank, which now distributes both embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell lines.

  13. 13.

    Also rescinded was Executive Order 13435 which opened funding for nonembryonic, alternative sources of stem cells. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2007-06-22/pdf/07-3112.pdf.

  14. 14.

    Sherley v Sibelius U.S. Court of Appeals 11-5241. The case challenged whether embryonic stem cell research would violate the Dickey-Wicker Amendment which prohibits federal funding for any research which harms or destroys embryos. The final ruling favored allowing funding to continue (see Chap. 1).

  15. 15.

    Levine, for example, surveyed 370 US researchers about the effect of the uncertain policy environment regarding embryonic stem cells (2011). The survey was taken after the 2009 US policy change allowing federal funding for HESC research and after Sherley v Sibelius. Of those surveyed, 18 % said that the resulting uncertainty meant they would either delay plans to begin HESC research, and 16 % said it would impede ongoing research (this group included those who had not previously used HESCs but were considering using them). Others reported shifting their research focus from HESCs to induced pluripotent stem cells. The disruption in recruiting new employees, consideration of a relocation, and disruption of collaborations were also mentioned as specific impacts, but these responses constituted fewer than 10 % of respondents. However, only 4 % said they would avoid using HESCs, and 3 % said they would consider relocating.

  16. 16.

    A chart showing the pattern of NIH funding for stem cell research can be found at http://stemcells.nih.gov/research/funding/pages/Funding.aspx. The most recent NIH funding figures, including estimates for 2013, are found at http://report.nih.gov/categorical_spending.aspx. Umbilical cord blood is not counted in these figures, and the categories consist of research using keywords as defined by data mining algorithms, so may not pristeenly reflect actual research projects related to stem cell research.

  17. 17.

    The rationale and goals can be found at http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/00100-r1.en0.htm.

  18. 18.

    The term “knowledge economy” has been applied to the restructuring of economies through specialized expertise. In contrast to mass production or labor which characterized earlier agricultural and industrial manufacturing economies, it is knowledge—particularly in terms of engineering, science, mathematics, and information sciences—that drives the economy, and it is more global and interconnected in scope.

  19. 19.

    There are additional programs, such as the Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme (CIP), Education and Training programs, and regional programs for competitiveness. The Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI), somewhat similar to the National Institutes of Health “critical path initiative” in the USA, is one of the joint programs within FP 7. It was intended to identify new tools and new areas for drug discovery and related health technologies (Goldman 2012). It has a considerable budget; however, in controversial areas such as embryonic stem cell research, there are issues related to coordinating efforts across countries. It has also been criticized because of the large investment required by universities relative to other funding mechanisms (Sinha 2011).

  20. 20.

    Greenpeace v Brüstle (see Chap. 4 and Gibney 2013)

  21. 21.

    Belgium and France further specify that there must be no alternative therapy available (Loi relative à la recherché sur les embryons in vitro (Belgium); Loi no 2011-814 relative à la bioéthique (France)). Unlike most countries which allow embryo research up to 14 days of development, France requires that embryos be destroyed at 7 days. France updated its bioethics laws in 2011 to state that embryo research (including HESC) is only permitted in exceptional cases and is subject to approval by the Biomedicine Agency (see http://www.loc.gov/lawweb/servlet/lloc_news?disp3_l205402748_text). Articles 40–44 of the new law reiterate that research should only be done if there is likely to be a major medical breakthrough and there is no better alternative. Danish law derives from law on artificial fertilization, Lov nr 535 omkunstigbefrugtningsomaendretved.

  22. 22.

    A report produced by the Department of Business Innovation & Skills of the Office of Life Sciences, Dept Public Health can be found at http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/innovation/docs/t/11-1056-taking-stock-ofregenerative-medicine For a picture of patenting in the UK, see https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/32456/11-1087- regenerative-medicine-patent-landscape.pdf.

  23. 23.

    The catapult has produced a UK cell therapy clinical trial database, which can be found at https://catapult.innovateuk.org/documents/10726/1553967/CTC+UK+Clinical+Trials+Database/0451f336-4e2a-4907-a909-355e940b67b4.

  24. 24.

    See Callon and Rabeharisoa for a detailed study of the way the AFM became a powerful stakeholder in national funding initiatives (2008).

  25. 25.

    Germany is a good illustration of the way that institutional histories shape governance of new areas of science. For a brief but fascinating analysis of the history of ethics decision-making bodies, see Jasanoff (2005, p.196).

  26. 26.

    The Fraunhofer Institute for Immunology and Cell Therapy is also engaged in SC research. Information can be found at http://www.fraunhofer.de/en/research-topics/health-environment-nutrition/regenerative-medicine.html.

  27. 27.

    Regenerationtechnologien für Medizin und Biologie—Beiträge für ein strategisches Förderkonzept (2007) found at http://www.biotechnologie.de/BIO/Redaktion/PDF/de/Studien/capgemini-regmed-2007,property=pdf,bereich=bio,sprache=de,rwb=true.pdf.

  28. 28.

    Hwang Woo-suk was a national celebrity and symbol of Korean resurgence in modern science after the announcement that he had successfully cloned human embryos. Later, it was discovered that he had engaged in scientific fraud and he was removed from his position (cf Gottweis and Kim 2010).

  29. 29.

    The first patient, an American with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, was offered free treatment in 2005. The procedure was performed at Nanshan Hospital in Shenzhen. Cells from a lab in Zhenzhou were used. Another patient wanted to have cells injected directly into the lamina for multiple sclerosis, but physicians at Nanshen refused; the patient was sent to another province where a clinic was willing to perform the procedure (Song 2011, p 147).

  30. 30.

    People’s Republic of China Ministry of Health (PRC MOH) guidelines for clinical use of biomedical technologies is available at http://www.mmoh.gov.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/mohyszs/s3585/200903/39511.htm.

  31. 31.

    http://www.mext.go.jp/english/whitepaper/1302732.htm.

  32. 32.

    The derivation of new HESC lines requires a two-stage approval process (Institutional Review Board and Ministry level review). There is also considerable structure regarding research ethics, including a requirement that each institution have bioethics and technical training courses approved by the Ministry.

  33. 33.

    Chapter 2, Sect. 32, concerning “unpatentable inventions” contains the clause: “the inventions liable to contravene public order, morality or public health shall not be patented.” See http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/pdf/en/jp/jp006en.pdf. The language of the law allows some room for interpretation about respecting an embryo while permitting it to be used to create life-saving therapies.

  34. 34.

    The Millennium Project, a national initiative created in 1999 as an economic stimulus project, was intended to develop an infrastructure for science and technology. A public-private collaboration, it was jointly sponsored by the Ministry of Education, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT); the Science and Technology Agency (STA); the Ministry of Health Labor and Welfare (MHLW); and the Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry (METI), linking education, commerce, and R&D into a networked initiative.

  35. 35.

    Three key genes that code for cell surface proteins involved in the immune response (human leukocyte antigens, or HLA) must be matched to prevent possible rejection of the cells in the recipient. Banked cord blood in Japan will have already been characterized for HLA.

  36. 36.

    These can be found at http://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/policy/health-medical/medical-care/dl/guidelines.pdf.

  37. 37.

    These are the University of Tokyo, Kyoto University, Osaka University, and Nagoya University.

  38. 38.

    The number of Japanese college students studying overseas dropped by 28 %, from 82,900 in 2004 to 59,900 in 2009, according to figures from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. In the USA, the number of Japanese scholars has fallen to half of what it was during the peak year of 1997 (Asahi Shimbun; see http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/people/AJ201210100003).

  39. 39.

    Examples include massive open online courses (MOOCs) such as Coursera, a for-profit company that initially partnered with Stanford University, the University of Michigan, University of Pennsylvania, and Princeton University. Others include Kahn University (a not-for-profit model supported by Google Project 10 and the Gates Foundation) and edX (a not-for-profit partnership of Harvard, MIT, and the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland). See also Leber (2013). The jury is out on the value and effectiveness of such unconventional offerings. Many universities are rushing to develop similar offerings, hoping to capture revenues during a time of declining public and private support of higher education, but there are numerous hurdles to launching and maintaining courses, including standardization and quality control of course content, licensing, and the time-intensiveness for high-quality, busy professors with little expertise in teaching international audiences to prepare online materials and monitor and evaluate students coming from radically different backgrounds and cultural settings. Language translation is also an issue; currently, most courses are in English only.

References

  • Becker, A. J., McCulloch, E. A., & Till, J. E. (1963). Cytological demonstration of the clonal nature of spleen colonies derived from transplanted mouse marrow cells. Nature, 197, 452–454.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bharadwaj, A., & Glasner, P. (2009). Local cells, global science: The rise of embryonic stem cells in India. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bianco, P., Barker, R., Brüstle, O., Catteneo, E., et al. (2013). Regulation of stem cell therapies under attack in Europe: For whom the bell tolls. EMBO Journal. doi:10.1038/emboj.2013.114.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • BIS. (2011). Taking Stock of Regenerative Medicine in the United Kingdom, (July). UK Department of Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) and UK Department of Health. Retrieved March 13, 2013, from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/32459/11-1056-taking-stock-of-regenerative-medicine.pdf.

  • Brindley, D. A., Reeve, B. C., Sahlman, W. A., Bonfiglio, W. A., Davie, N., Culme-Seymour, E., et al. (2011). The impact of market volatility on the cell therapy industry. Cell Stem Cell, 9, 397–401.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruton, G. D., Fried, V. H., & Manigart, S. (2005). Institutional influences on the worldwide expansion of venture capital. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(6), 737–760.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burrill and Company. (2012). Retrieved May 2012, from http://www.burrillandco.com/content/news/PR-bcmonthly-1-3-12F%20v2.pdf.

  • Callon, M., & Rabeharisoa, V. (2008). The growing engagement of emergent concerned groups in political and economic life. Lessons from the French Association of Neuromuscular Disease Patients. Science, Technology & Human Values, 33(2), 230–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caulfield, T., Zarzeczny, A., McCormick, J., Bubela, T., et al. (2009). The stem cell research environment: A patchwork of patchworks. Stem Cell Reviews and Reports, 5, 82–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, H. (2009). Stem cell governance in China: From bench to bedside? New Genetics and Society, 28(3), 267–282.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, P. (2001). New economy innovation systems: Biotechnology in Europe and the USA. Industrial Innovation, 8(3), 267–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durfee, D., & Huang, S. (2012). China stops unapproved stem cell treatments. Reuters. Retrieved November, 2012, from http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/10/us-china-health-stem-cell-idUSTRE8090GA20120110.

  • Cyranoski, D. (2012a). China’s stem cell rules go unheeded. Nature, 484, 149–150.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cyranoski, D. (2012b). Stem cells in Texas: Cowboy culture. Nature, 494(7436), 166–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cyranoski, D. (2012c). Stem cell pioneer banks on future therapies. Nature, 488(7410), 139. doi:10.1038/488139a. Accessed November 2012.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Vries, R., Oerlemans, A., Trommelmans, L., Dierickx, K., & Gordijn, B. (2008). Ethical aspects of tissue engineering: A review. Tissue Engineering: Part B, 14(4), 367–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dratwa, J. (2011). Representing Europe with the precautionary principle. In S. Jasanoff (Ed.), Reframing rights: Bioconstitutionalism in the genetic age (pp. 263–286). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Elster, A., Damaschun, A., Kurtz, A., Stacey, G., Arán, B., Veiga, A. et al. (2008). The changing landscape of European and international regulation on embryonic stem cell research. Stem Cell Research, 2, 101–107. doi:10.1016/j.scr.2008.10.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Etzkowitz, H., & Leydesdorff, L. (2000). The dynamics of innovation: From national systems and ‘mode 2’ to a triple helix of university-industry-government relations. Research Policy, 29(2), 109–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • European Commission. (2009). European research projects involving stem cells in the 6th Framework Programme. Retrieved December 20, 2013, from http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp6/p1/stemcells/pdf/stemcell_eu_research_fp6_en.pdf#view=fit&pagemode=bookmarks.

  • European Commission. (2011). Report from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, and the Committee of the Regions. State of the Innovation Union 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). (2007). Regenerative technologies for medicine and biology—Contributions for a strategic funding concept. Berlin: Capgemini Deutschland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibney, E. (2013). Court allows patenting of stem cell technologies. Retrieved January 10, 2013, from http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=422290&c=1.

  • Goldman, M. (2012). The innovative medicines initiative: A European response to the innovation challenge. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 91(3), 418–425. doi:10.1038/clpt.2011.321, doi:10.1038%2Fclpt.2011.321.

  • Gottweis, H., Salter, B., & Waldby, C. (2009). The global politics of human embryonic stem cell science: Regenerative medicine in transition. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gottweis, H., & Kim, B. S. (2010). Explaining Hwang-gate: South Korean identity politics between bio-nationalism and globalization. Science, Technology, and Human Values, 35, 501–524.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hogarth, S., & Salter, B. (2010). Regenerative medicine in Europe: Global competition and innovation governance. Regenerative Medicine, 5(6), 971–985. doi:10.2217/rme.10.81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, C., Amorim, C., Spinoglio, M., Gouvia, B., & Medina, A. (2004). Organization, programme, and structure: An analysis of the Chinese innovation policy framework. R&D Management, 34(4), 367–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • International Society for Stem Cell Research. (2008). Guidelines for the clinical translation of stem cells. Retrieved January 27, 2013, from http://www.isscr.org/docs/default-source/clin-trans-guidelines/isscrglclinicaltrans.pdf.

  • Isasi, R. M. (2009). Policy interoperability in stem cell research: Demystifying harmonization. Stem Cell Reviews and Reports. doi:10.1007/s12015-009-9067-z.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jasanoff, S. (2004). States of knowledge: The co-production of science and social order. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jasanoff, S. (2005). Designs on nature: Science and democracy in Europe and the United States. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, P. C., Bertram, T. A., Tawil, B., & Hellman, K. B. (2010). Hurdles in tissue engineering/regenerative medicine product commercialization: A survey of North American academia and industry. Tissue Engineering. Part A, 17(1–2), 5–15. doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0411.

  • Johnson, P. C., Mikos, A. G., Fisher, J. P., & Jansen, J. A. (2007). Strategic directions in tissue engineering. Tissue Engineering, 13(12), 2827–2837. doi:10.1089/ten.2007.0335.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, C. (2010). Retrieved March 2013 from http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Presentation/2010/05/WC500090649.pdf.

  • Kingman, S., Yamauchi, M., Dorozynski, A., Swan, N., et al. (1992). Fetal tissue research around the world. British Medical Journal, 304(6827), 591–593, 597.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lau, D., Ogbogu, U., Taylor, B., Stafinski, T., Menon, D., & Caulfield, T. (2008). Stem cell clinics online: The direct-to-consumer portrayal of stem cell medicine. Cell Stem Cell, 3, 591–594.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luo, J., Flynn, J. M., Solnick, R. E., Ecklund, E. H., & Matthews, K. R. W. (2011). International stem cell collaboration: How disparate policies between the United States and the United Kingdom impact research. PLoS One, 6(3), e17684.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leber, J. (2013). In the developing world, MOOCs start to get real. Technology Review. Retrieved March 15, 2013, from http://www.technologyreview.com/news/512256/in-the-developing-world-moocs-start-to-get-real/.

  • Levine, A. (2011). Policy uncertainty and the conduct of stem cell research. Cell Stem Cell, 8, 132–135. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2011.01.002.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindvall, O., & Hyun, I. (2009). Medical innovation vs. stem cell tourism. Science, 324, 1664–1665.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Longaker, M., Baker, T., & Greely, H. (2007). Proposition 71 and CIRM- assessing the return on investment. Nature Biotechnology, 25, 513–521.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lysaght, M., Jaklenec, A., & Deweerd, E. (2008). Great expectations: Private sector activity in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and stem cell therapeutics. Tissue Engineering. Part A, 14(2), 305–319.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, P. A., Coveny, C., Kraft, A., Brown, N., & Bath, P. (2006). The commercial development of stem cell technology: Lessons from the past, strategies for the future. Regenerative Medicine, 1(6), 801–807.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marchant, G., & Mossman, K. (2004). Arbitrary and capricious: The precautionary principle in European Union Courts. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, C., McCall, M., Culme-Seymour, E., Suthasan, S., Edwards-Parton, S., Bonfiglio, G. et al. (2012). The global cell therapy industry continues to rise during the second and third quarters of 2012. Cell Stem Cell, 11(6), 735–739.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCoy, A. (2009). Biotechnology and embryonic stem cells: A comparative analysis of the laws and policies of the United States and other nations. Loyola Law & Technology Annual, 8(1), 63–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, D. S., Thorsteinsdottir, H., Singer, P. A., & Daar, A. S. (2010). Cultivating regenerative medicine innovation in China. Regenerative Medicine, 5(1), 35–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MRC. (2012). A Strategy for UK Regenerative Medicine. Document prepared by the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) in partnership with the BBSRC, EPSRC, ESRC and the Technology Strategy Board (TSB). (April).

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, F., & Spar, D. (2006). Bit player or powerhouse? China and stem-cell research. The New England Journal of Medicine, 355, 1191–1194. doi:10.1056/NEJMp068151.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council. (2009). A new biology for the 21st century. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nerem, R., Loring, J., McDevitt, T., Palecek, S., Schaffer, D. V., & Zandstra, P. (2013). WTEC panel report on global assessment of stem cell engineering. Lancaster: World Technology Evaluation Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Normile, D. (2013). Japan to relax ban on Chimeric embryo experiments. Science. http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2013/06/japan-to-relax-ban-on-chimeric-e.html.

  • Office of Life Sciences. (2011). Taking stock of regenerative medicine in the United Kingdom. Report of the UK Department of Health. Retrieved February 5, 2013, from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/32459/11-1056-taking-stock-of-regenerative-medicine.pdf.

  • Oiwa, Y. (2013). Shinya Yamanaka: The goal is still helping patients. The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved March 26, 2013, from http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/people/AJ201303220009.

  • Pagnol, A., Rowley, E., Martin, P., & Livesey, F. (2009). Industry perceptions of barriers to commercialization of regenerative medicine products in the UK. Regenerative Medicine, 4(4), 549–559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, M. (2012). Texas board approves rules on use of stem cells. New York Times. April 14, A14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, A., & Seear, K. (2011). Technologies of hope: Techniques of the online advertising of stem cell treatments. New Genetics and Society, 30(4), 329–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petryna, A. (2009). When experiments travel: Clinical trials and the search for human subjects. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qiu, J. (2011). China sets 2020 vision for science. Nature, 470, 15. doi:10.1038/470015a.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rao, M. S. (2009). Funding translational work in cell-based therapy. Cell Stem Cell, 9(1), 7–10 (2011). doi:10.1016/j.stem.2011.06.009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Regenberg, A., Hutchinson, L., Schanker, B., & Matthews, D. (2009). Medicine on the fringe: Stem cell-based interventions in advance of evidence. Stem Cells, 27(9), 2312–2319. doi:10.1002/stem.132.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosemann, A. (2013). Medical innovation and national experimental pluralism: Insights from clinical stem cell research and applications in China. BioSocieties, 8(1), 58–74. doi:10.1057/ biosoc.2012.39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salter, B. (2008). Governing stem cell science in China and India: Emerging economies and the global politics of innovation. New Genetics and Society, 27(2), 145–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salter, B. (2009a). State strategies and the global knowledge economy: The geopolitics of regenerative medicine. Geopolitics, 14, 1–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salter, B. (2009b). China, globalisation and health biotechnology innovation: Venture capital and the adaptive state. East Asian Science and Technology: an International Journal, 3(4), 401–420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salter, B., & Salter, C. (2010). Governing innovation in the biomedicine knowledge economy: Stem cell science in the USA. Science and Public Policy, 37(2), 87–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, G. (2011). Spat over innovative medicines initiative (IMI) funding and intellectual property. Nature Biotechnology, 29(6), 473. doi:10.1038/nbt0611-473a, doi:10.1038%2Fnbt0611-473a.

  • Sleeboom-Faulkner, M. (2008). Debates on human embryonic stem cell research in Japan: Minority voices and their political amplifiers. Science as Culture, 17(1), 85–97. doi:org/10.1080/09505430801915455.

  • Sleeboom-Faulkner, M. (2013). Latent science collaboration: Strategies of bioethical capacity building in mainland China’s stem cell world. BioSocieties, 8(1), 7–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song, P. (2011). The proliferation of stem cell therapies in post-Mao China: Problematizing ethical regulation. New Genetics and Society, 30(2), 141–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stafford, N. (2009). Germany tightens law on stem cell treatments. British Medical Journal, 339. doi:10.1136/bmj.b2967.

  • Thornley, B., Wood, D., Grace, K., & Sullivant, S. (2011). National high-tech R&D (863) program. Impact investing: A framework for policy design and analysis. Retrieved December 13, 2012, from http://www.pacificcommunityventures.org/uploads/misc/case_studies/13-High_Tech_RD_Program.pdf.

  • Toft, M., Philpott, D., & Shah, S. (2011). God’s Century: Resurgent religion and global politics. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, L. (2007). First world health care at third world prices: Globalization, bioethics and medical tourism. BioSocieties, 2(3), 303–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). (2006). 2020: A new vision: A future for regenerative medicine. Retrieved January 15, 2013, from http://medicine.osu.edu/regenerativemedicine/documents/2020vision.pdf.

  • Xu, G. T. (2008). Establishment of stem cell bank in China. Cell Research, 18, 175. doi:10.1038/cr.2008.265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, W., Sipp, S., Wang, Z., Deng, H., Pei, D., Zhou, Q. et al. (2012). Stem cell science on the rise in China. Cell Stem Cell, 10(1), 12–15. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2011.12.002.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J. Y. (2012b). The cosmopolitanization of science: Stem cell governance in China. Basingstoke, UK and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical History & Bioethics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave 1135 Medical Sciences Building, Madison, WI, 53706, USA

    Linda F. Hogle

  2. Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA

    Sean P. Palecek

  3. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley 274 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3220, USA

    David Schaffer

  4. Canada Research Chair in Stem Cell Bioengineering, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research Donnelly (CCBR) Building, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Office # 1116, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, USA

    Peter W. Zandstra

Authors
  1. Linda F. Hogle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sean P. Palecek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. David Schaffer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Peter W. Zandstra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Linda F. Hogle .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

    Linda F. Hogle

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hogle, L.F., Palecek, S.P., Schaffer, D., Zandstra, P.W. (2014). Characterizing International Stem Cell Research Niches. In: Hogle, L. (eds) Regenerative Medicine Ethics. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9062-3_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation