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Invasive Species

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Ecological Systems

Abstract

Biological invasion is the process by which a species is introduced, deliberately or inadvertently, into a new geographic region where it proliferates and persists. Outside their natural range (in which they evolved) such species are described as nonnative (or nonindigenous, exotic, alien). For a variety of reasons, the vast majority of introduced nonnative organisms fail to persist. Many of those that do establish self-sustaining populations do not spread very far or very fast beyond their point of introduction, and they often do not have conspicuous impacts on their environment. However, a small proportion (but a large and growing number) of nonnative species becomes invasive – that is, they may spread aggressively and/or have strong environmental effects. Invasive species are a global problem that threatens native biodiversity, the normal functioning of ecosystems, natural resources, regional economies, and human health. As such, they pose a major concern for conservation and management, and are the focus of a highly productive multidisciplinary field called invasion ecology.

This chapter was originally published as part of the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology edited by Robert A. Meyers. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3

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Abbreviations

Biological invasion:

The process by which an organism is introduced to, and establishes a sustainable population in, a region beyond its native range.

Eradication:

The managed extirpation of an entire nonnative population.

Impact:

The effect of a nonnative species on its environment.

Invasibility:

The vulnerability of a habitat, community, or ecosystem to invasion.

Invasion ecology:

A multidisciplinary field that examines the causes and consequences of biological invasions.

Invasional meltdown:

The phenomenon in which multiple nonnative species facilitate one another’s invasion success and impact.

Invasive species:

Nonnative species with conspicuously high colonization rates. Such species have the potential to spread over long distances. The term invasive is also used (often by policy makers) to describe colonizing species that cause undesirable ecological or economic impacts.

Nonnative species (synonyms: alien, exotic, foreign, nonindigenous):

Species present in a region beyond their historic range.

Propagule pressure:

The quantity or rate of nonnative organisms released into an area.

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  1. Redpath Museum & McGill School of Environment, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada

    Anthony Ricciardi

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    Rik Leemans

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Ricciardi, A. (2013). Invasive Species. In: Leemans, R. (eds) Ecological Systems. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5755-8_10

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