Abstract
In the past, most research into cancer initiation and development, as well as into the progression from local to systemic disease, has focused on the tumor tissue per se. However, it is becoming increasingly evident that the configuration of the local microenvironment, and the nature of dynamic interactions occurring between cellular and structural elements of the stroma (generally defined as those tissue components distal to the basement membrane in normal tissue) and the tumor, can play significant roles. An understanding of these interactions will thus facilitate the development of strategies to manipulate the microenvironment, which are likely to represent the next important set of additions to the therapeutic armamentarium. Here, we describe the processes occurring in tumor stroma, using breast cancer as a model system.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Allinen M et al (2004) Molecular characterization of the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer. Cancer Cell 6:17–32
Andarawewa KL et al (2005) Stromelysin-3 is a potent negative regulator of adipogenesis participating to cancer cell-adipocyte interaction/crosstalk at the tumor invasive front. Cancer Res 65:10862–10871
Anderson CF, Mosser DM (2002) A novel phenotype for an activated macrophage: the type 2 activated macrophage. J Leukoc Biol 72:101–106
Arenberg DA et al (2000) Macrophage infiltration in human non-small-cell lung cancer: the role of CC chemokines. Cancer Immunol Immunother 49:63–70
Balkwill F (2004) Cancer and the chemokine network. Nat Rev Cancer 4:540–550
Balkwill F, Mantovani A (2001) Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow? Lancet 357:539–545
Balkwill F, Charles KA, Mantovani A (2005) Smoldering and polarized inflammation in the initiation and promotion of malignant disease. Cancer Cell 7:211–217
Bates GJ et al (2006) Quantification of regulatory T cells enables the identification of high-risk breast cancer patients and those at risk of late relapse. J Clin Oncol 24:5373–5380
Bergamaschi A et al (2008) Extracellular matrix signature identifies breast cancer subgroups with different clinical outcome. J Pathol 214:357–367
Bingle L, Brown NJ, Lewis CE (2002) The role of tumour-associated macrophages in tumour progression: implications for new anticancer therapies. J Pathol 196:254–265
Boersma BJ et al (2008) A stromal gene signature associated with inflammatory breast cancer. Int J Cancer 122:1324–1332
Bohling SD, Allison KH (2008) Immunosuppressive regulatory T cells are associated with aggressive breast cancer phenotypes: a potential therapeutic target. Mod Pathol 21:1527–1532
Bottazzi B et al (1983) Regulation of the macrophage content of neoplasms by chemoattractants. Science 220:210–212
Boyd NF et al (2002) Heritability of mammographic density, a risk factor for breast cancer. N Engl J Med 347:886–894
Brown DM, Ruoslahti E (2004) Metadherin, a cell surface protein in breast tumors that mediates lung metastasis. Cancer Cell 5:365–374
Buess M et al (2007) Characterization of heterotypic interaction effects in vitro to deconvolute global gene expression profiles in cancer. Genome Biol 8:R191
Casey T et al (2009) Molecular signatures suggest a major role for stromal cells in development of invasive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 114:47–62
Castello-Cros R, Khan DR, Simons J, Valianou M, Cukierman E (2009) Staged stromal extracellular 3D matrices differentially regulate breast cancer cell responses through PI3K and beta1-integrins. BMC Cancer 9:94
Catalano S et al (2003) Leptin enhances, via AP-1, expression of aromatase in the MCF-7 cell line. J Biol Chem 278:28668–28676
Catalano S et al (2004) Leptin induces, via ERK1/ERK2 signal, functional activation of estrogen receptor alpha in MCF-7 cells. J Biol Chem 279:19908–19915
Catalano S et al (2009) Evidence that leptin through STAT and CREB signaling enhances cyclin D1 expression and promotes human endometrial cancer proliferation. J Cell Physiol 218:490–500
Chang HY et al (2004) Gene expression signature of fibroblast serum response predicts human cancer progression: similarities between tumors and wounds. PLoS Biol 2:E7
Chang HY et al (2005) Robustness, scalability, and integration of a wound-response gene expression signature in predicting breast cancer survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:3738–3743
Cirillo D, Rachiglio AM, la Montagna R, Giordano A, Normanno N (2008) Leptin signaling in breast cancer: an overview. J Cell Biochem 105:956–964
Clynes RA, Towers TL, Presta LG, Ravetch JV (2000) Inhibitory Fc receptors modulate in vivo cytoxicity against tumor targets. Nat Med 6:443–446
Coleman RE (2009) Adjuvant bisphosphonates in breast cancer: are we witnessing the emergence of a new therapeutic strategy? Eur J Cancer 45:1909–1915
Condeelis J, Pollard JW (2006) Macrophages: obligate partners for tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Cell 124:263–266
Condeelis J, Segall JE (2003) Intravital imaging of cell movement in tumours. Nat Rev Cancer 3:921–930
Cooley S, Burns LJ, Repka T, Miller JS (1999) Natural killer cell cytotoxicity of breast cancer targets is enhanced by two distinct mechanisms of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against LFA-3 and HER2/neu. Exp Hematol 27:1533–1541
Corsini C et al (2003) Stroma cells: a novel target of herceptin activity. Clin Cancer Res 9:1820–1825
Coussens LM, Werb Z (2002) Inflammation and cancer. Nature 420:860–867
Dieudonne MN et al (2006) Adiponectin mediates antiproliferative and apoptotic responses in human MCF7 breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 345:271–279
Dos Santos E et al (2008) Adiponectin mediates an antiproliferative response in human MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep 20:971–977
Elliott BE, Tam SP, Dexter D, Chen ZQ (1992) Capacity of adipose tissue to promote growth and metastasis of a murine mammary carcinoma: effect of estrogen and progesterone. Int J Cancer 51:416–424
Eneman JD, Wood ME, Muss HB (2004) Selecting adjuvant endocrine therapy for breast cancer. Oncology (Williston Park) 18:1733–1744 (discussion 1744–5, 1748, 1751–4)
Farmer P et al (2009) A stroma-related gene signature predicts resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. Nat Med 15:68–74
Finak G et al (2006) Gene expression signatures of morphologically normal breast tissue identify basal-like tumors. Breast Cancer Res 8:R58
Finak G et al (2008) Stromal gene expression predicts clinical outcome in breast cancer. Nat Med 14:518–527
Fleming JM et al (2008) Interlobular and intralobular mammary stroma: genotype may not reflect phenotype. BMC Cell Biol 9:46
Fukino K et al (2004) Combined total genome loss of heterozygosity scan of breast cancer stroma and epithelium reveals multiplicity of stromal targets. Cancer Res 64:7231–7236
Fukino K, Shen L, Patocs A, Mutter GL, Eng C (2007) Genomic instability within tumor stroma and clinicopathological characteristics of sporadic primary invasive breast carcinoma. JAMA 297:2103–2111
Garcia S et al (2007a) Overexpression of c-Met and of the transducers PI3K, FAK and JAK in breast carcinomas correlates with shorter survival and neoangiogenesis. Int J Oncol 31:49–58
Garcia S et al (2007b) Poor prognosis in breast carcinomas correlates with increased expression of targetable CD146 and c-Met and with proteomic basal-like phenotype. Hum Pathol 38:830–841
Gennari R et al (2004) Pilot study of the mechanism of action of preoperative trastuzumab in patients with primary operable breast tumors overexpressing HER2. Clin Cancer Res 10:5650–5655
Giannopoulou I et al (2007) The prognostic value of the topographic distribution of uPAR expression in invasive breast carcinomas. Cancer Lett 246:262–267
Goswami S et al (2005) Macrophages promote the invasion of breast carcinoma cells via a colony-stimulating factor-1/epidermal growth factor paracrine loop. Cancer Res 65:5278–5283
Grivennikov SI, Greten FR, Karin M (2010) Immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Cell 140:883–899
Gudjonsson T et al (2002) Normal and tumor-derived myoepithelial cells differ in their ability to interact with luminal breast epithelial cells for polarity and basement membrane deposition. J Cell Sci 115:39–50
Halsted KC et al (2008) Collagen alpha1(XI) in normal and malignant breast tissue. Mod Pathol 21:1246–1254
Hattar R et al (2009) Tamoxifen induces pleiotrophic changes in mammary stroma resulting in extracellular matrix that suppresses transformed phenotypes. Breast Cancer Res 11:R5
Hawsawi NM et al (2008) Breast carcinoma-associated fibroblasts and their counterparts display neoplastic-specific changes. Cancer Res 68:2717–2725
Hill R, Song Y, Cardiff RD, Van Dyke T (2005) Selective evolution of stromal mesenchyme with p53 loss in response to epithelial tumorigenesis. Cell 123:1001–1011
Hiraoka K et al (2006) Concurrent infiltration by CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells is a favourable prognostic factor in non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Br J Cancer 94:275–280
Howell A, Landberg G, Bergh J (2009) Breast tumour stroma is a prognostic indicator and target for therapy. Breast Cancer Res 11(Suppl 3):S16
Hu M et al (2005) Distinct epigenetic changes in the stromal cells of breast cancers. Nat Genet 37:899–905
Hu M et al (2008) Regulation of in situ to invasive breast carcinoma transition. Cancer Cell 13:394–406
Huang S, Ingber DE (2005) Cell tension, matrix mechanics, and cancer development. Cancer Cell 8:175–176
Hurd TC et al (2007) Plasminogen activator system localization in 60 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ. Ann Surg Oncol 14:3117–3124
Husemann Y et al (2008) Systemic spread is an early step in breast cancer. Cancer Cell 13:58–68
Iyengar P et al (2003) Adipocyte-secreted factors synergistically promote mammary tumorigenesis through induction of anti-apoptotic transcriptional programs and proto-oncogene stabilization. Oncogene 22:6408–6423
Iyengar P et al (2005) Adipocyte-derived collagen VI affects early mammary tumor progression in vivo, demonstrating a critical interaction in the tumor/stroma microenvironment. J Clin Invest 115:1163–1176
Jain RK (2005) Normalization of tumor vasculature: an emerging concept in antiangiogenic therapy. Science 307:58–62
Jeffers M, Rong S, Anver M, Vande Woude GF (1996a) Autocrine hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor-Met signaling induces transformation and the invasive/metastastic phenotype in C127 cells. Oncogene 13:853–856
Jeffers M, Rong S, Woude GF (1996b) Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor-Met signaling in tumorigenicity and invasion/metastasis. J Mol Med 74:505–513
Jordan VC, Brodie AM (2007) Development and evolution of therapies targeted to the estrogen receptor for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Steroids 72:7–25
Joyce JA (2005) Therapeutic targeting of the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Cell 7:513–520
Kalluri R, Zeisberg M (2006) Fibroblasts in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 6:392–401
Karin M (2009) NF-kappaB as a critical link between inflammation and cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 1:a000141
Karnoub AE et al (2007) Mesenchymal stem cells within tumour stroma promote breast cancer metastasis. Nature 449:557–563
Kass L, Erler JT, Dembo M, Weaver VM (2007) Mammary epithelial cell: influence of extracellular matrix composition and organization during development and tumorigenesis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 39:1987–1994
Knutson KL, Disis ML (2005) Tumor antigen-specific T helper cells in cancer immunity and immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 54:721–728
Kurose K et al (2002) Frequent somatic mutations in PTEN and TP53 are mutually exclusive in the stroma of breast carcinomas. Nat Genet 32:355–357
Ladoire S et al (2008) Pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy of breast carcinoma is associated with the disappearance of tumor-infiltrating foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Clin Cancer Res 14:2413–2420
Lafkas D, Trimis G, Papavassiliou AG, Kiaris H (2008) P53 mutations in stromal fibroblasts sensitize tumors against chemotherapy. Int J Cancer 123:967–971
Lan RY, Ansari AA, Lian ZX, Gershwin ME (2005) Regulatory T cells: development, function and role in autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 4:351–363
Landskroner-Eiger S et al (2009) Proangiogenic contribution of adiponectin toward mammary tumor growth in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 15:3265–3276
Leek RD, Harris AL (2002) Tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 7:177–189
Lewis CE, Pollard JW (2006) Distinct role of macrophages in different tumor microenvironments. Cancer Res 66:605–612
Lewis GD et al (1993) Differential responses of human tumor cell lines to anti-p185HER2 monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Immunol Immunother 37:255–263
Lin EY, Nguyen AV, Russell RG, Pollard JW (2001) Colony-stimulating factor 1 promotes progression of mammary tumors to malignancy. J Exp Med 193:727–740
Lin EY, Gouon-Evans V, Nguyen AV, Pollard JW (2002) The macrophage growth factor CSF-1 in mammary gland development and tumor progression. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 7:147–162
Lipton A (2008) Emerging role of bisphosphonates in the clinic–antitumor activity and prevention of metastasis to bone. Cancer Treat Rev 34(Suppl 1):S25–30
Lu X, Kang Y (2007) Organotropism of breast cancer metastasis. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 12:153–162
Ma XJ, Dahiya S, Richardson E, Erlander M, Sgroi DC (2009) Gene expression profiling of the tumor microenvironment during breast cancer progression. Breast Cancer Res 11:R7
Manabe Y, Toda S, Miyazaki K, Sugihara H (2003) Mature adipocytes, but not preadipocytes, promote the growth of breast carcinoma cells in collagen gel matrix culture through cancer-stromal cell interactions. J Pathol 201:221–228
Mantovani A, Sozzani S, Locati M, Allavena P, Sica A (2002) Macrophage polarization: tumor-associated macrophages as a paradigm for polarized M2 mononuclear phagocytes. Trends Immunol 23:549–555
Mantovani A et al (2004a) Chemokines in the recruitment and shaping of the leukocyte infiltrate of tumors. Semin Cancer Biol 14:155–160
Mantovani A et al (2004b) The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization. Trends Immunol 25:677–686
Martin-Orozco N et al (2009) T helper 17 cells promote cytotoxic T cell activation in tumor immunity. Immunity 31:787–798
Matsushima K, Larsen CG, DuBois GC, Oppenheim JJ (1989) Purification and characterization of a novel monocyte chemotactic and activating factor produced by a human myelomonocytic cell line. J Exp Med 169:1485–1490
Mauro L et al (2007) Evidences that leptin up-regulates E-cadherin expression in breast cancer: effects on tumor growth and progression. Cancer Res 67:3412–3421
McAllister SS et al (2008) Systemic endocrine instigation of indolent tumor growth requires osteopontin. Cell 133:994–1005
Meng S et al (2006) uPAR and HER-2 gene status in individual breast cancer cells from blood and tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:17361–17365
Micke P, Ostman A (2004) Tumour-stroma interaction: cancer-associated fibroblasts as novel targets in anti-cancer therapy? Lung Cancer 45(Suppl 2):S163–75
Miki Y, Suzuki T, Sasano H (2007) Controversies of aromatase localization in human breast cancer–stromal versus parenchymal cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 106:97–101
Mishra PJ et al (2008) Carcinoma-associated fibroblast-like differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Cancer Res 68:4331–4339
Moinfar F et al (2000) Concurrent and independent genetic alterations in the stromal and epithelial cells of mammary carcinoma: implications for tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 60:2562–2566
Muller A et al (2001) Involvement of chemokine receptors in breast cancer metastasis. Nature 410:50–56
Muranski P et al (2008) Tumor-specific Th17-polarized cells eradicate large established melanoma. Blood 112:362–373
Nielsen BS, Rank F, Illemann M, Lund LR, Dano K (2007) Stromal cells associated with early invasive foci in human mammary ductal carcinoma in situ coexpress urokinase and urokinase receptor. Int J Cancer 120:2086–2095
Nishimura R, Arima N (2008) Is triple negative a prognostic factor in breast cancer? Breast Cancer 15:303–308
Orimo A, Weinberg RA (2006) Stromal fibroblasts in cancer: a novel tumor-promoting cell type. Cell Cycle 5:1597–1601
Orimo A et al (2005) Stromal fibroblasts present in invasive human breast carcinomas promote tumor growth and angiogenesis through elevated SDF-1/CXCL12 secretion. Cell 121:335–348
Pages F et al (2005) Effector memory T cells, early metastasis, and survival in colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 353:2654–2666
Paszek MJ et al (2005) Tensional homeostasis and the malignant phenotype. Cancer Cell 8:241–254
Patel RR, Sharma CG, Jordan VC (2007) Optimizing the antihormonal treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Breast Cancer 14:113–22
Perou CM et al (2000) Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature 406:747–752
Pontiggia O et al (2009) Establishment of an in vitro estrogen-dependent mouse mammary tumor model: a new tool to understand estrogen responsiveness and development of tamoxifen resistance in the context of stromal-epithelial interactions. Breast Cancer Res Treat 116:247–255
Provenzano PP et al (2006) Collagen reorganization at the tumor-stromal interface facilitates local invasion. BMC Med 4:38
Provenzano PP et al (2008) Collagen density promotes mammary tumor initiation and progression. BMC Med 6:11
Quemener C et al (2007) Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer up-regulates the urokinase-type plasminogen activator system promoting tumor cell invasion. Cancer Res 67:9–15
Rakha EA, Ellis IO (2009) Triple-negative/basal-like breast cancer: review. Pathology 41:40–47
Rong S et al (1993) Tumorigenesis induced by coexpression of human hepatocyte growth factor and the human met protooncogene leads to high levels of expression of the ligand and receptor. Cell Growth Differ 4:563–569
Rong S, Segal S, Anver M, Resau JH, Vande Woude GF (1994) Invasiveness and metastasis of NIH 3T3 cells induced by Met-hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor autocrine stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:4731–4735
Sadlonova A et al (2009) Identification of Molecular Distinctions Between Normal Breast-Associated Fibroblasts and Breast Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts. Cancer Microenviron 2:9–21
Santen RJ et al (1997) Estrogen production via the aromatase enzyme in breast carcinoma: which cell type is responsible? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 61:267–271
Santen RJ et al (1998) Demonstration of aromatase activity and its regulation in breast tumor and benign breast fibroblasts. Breast Cancer Res Treat 49 (Suppl 1):S93–99; (discussion S109–19)
Santner SJ, Pauley RJ, Tait L, Kaseta J, Santen RJ (1997) Aromatase activity and expression in breast cancer and benign breast tissue stromal cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:200–208
Sappino AP, Skalli O, Jackson B, Schurch W, Gabbiani G (1988) Smooth-muscle differentiation in stromal cells of malignant and non-malignant breast tissues. Int J Cancer 41:707–712
Schedin P, Borges V (2009) Breaking down barriers: the importance of the stromal microenvironment in acquiring invasiveness in young women’s breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 11:102
Sharma M et al (2009) Analysis of stromal signatures in the tumor microenvironment of ductal carcinoma in situ. Breast Cancer Res Treat 123(2):397–404
Sica A et al (2008) Macrophage polarization in tumour progression. Semin Cancer Biol 18:349–355
Singer CF et al (2008) Differential gene expression profile in breast cancer-derived stromal fibroblasts. Breast Cancer Res Treat 110:273–281
Sorlie T et al (2001) Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:10869–10874
Steinman L (2007) A brief history of T(H)17, the first major revision in the T(H)1/T(H)2 hypothesis of T cell-mediated tissue damage. Nat Med 13:139–145
Su X et al (2010) Tumor microenvironments direct the recruitment and expansion of human Th17 cells. J Immunol 184:1630–1641
Suzuki T et al (2008) Aromatase in human breast carcinoma as a key regulator of intratumoral sex steroid concentrations. Endocr J 55:455–463
Teschendorff AE, Naderi A, Barbosa-Morais NL, Caldas C (2006) PACK: Profile Analysis using Clustering and Kurtosis to find molecular classifiers in cancer. Bioinformatics 22:2269–2275
Teschendorff AE, Miremadi A, Pinder SE, Ellis IO, Caldas C (2007) An immune response gene expression module identifies a good prognosis subtype in estrogen receptor negative breast cancer. Genome Biol 8:R157
Tesmer LA, Lundy SK, Sarkar S, Fox DA (2008) Th17 cells in human disease. Immunol Rev 223:87–113
Tokes AM et al (2009) Stromal matrix protein expression following preoperative systemic therapy in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 15:731–739
Trimboli AJ et al (2009) Pten in stromal fibroblasts suppresses mammary epithelial tumours. Nature 461:1084–1091
van ’t Veer LJ et al (2002) Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer. Nature 415:530–536
van de Vijver, M.J. et al (2002) A gene-expression signature as a predictor of survival in breast cancer. N Engl J Med 347:1999–2009
Wang W et al (2002) Single cell behavior in metastatic primary mammary tumors correlated with gene expression patterns revealed by molecular profiling. Cancer Res 62:6278–6288
Weigelt B, Lo AT, Park CC, Gray JW, Bissell MJ (2010) HER2 signaling pathway activation and response of breast cancer cells to HER2-targeting agents is dependent strongly on the 3D microenvironment. Breast Cancer Res Treat 122:35–43
White DE et al (2004) Targeted disruption of beta1-integrin in a transgenic mouse model of human breast cancer reveals an essential role in mammary tumor induction. Cancer Cell 6:159–170
Wu S et al (2009) A human colonic commensal promotes colon tumorigenesis via activation of T helper type 17T cell responses. Nat Med 15:1016–1022
Wyckoff J et al (2004) A paracrine loop between tumor cells and macrophages is required for tumor cell migration in mammary tumors. Cancer Res 64:7022–7029
Wyckoff JB et al (2007) Direct visualization of macrophage-assisted tumor cell intravasation in mammary tumors. Cancer Res 67:2649–2656
Xu R, Boudreau A, Bissell MJ (2009) Tissue architecture and function: dynamic reciprocity via extra- and intra-cellular matrices. Cancer Metastasis Rev 28:167–176
Yu H, Pardoll D, Jove R (2009) STATs in cancer inflammation and immunity: a leading role for STAT3. Nat Rev Cancer 9:798–809
Acknowledgments
Many studies have addressed the various components of the breast cancer stroma and their interactions with each other, and with the tumor per se. Therefore space limitations render it impossible to adequately acknowledge all of the contributions by the many key individuals and groups who have studied different aspects of this research area in detail, and have made it necessary to refer the reader to reviews in many cases where the primary literature is very large. The authors apologize in advance for any omissions.
Work on this area in our group has been supported by grants from multiple agencies, including the Québec Breast Cancer Foundation, Genome Canada–Génome Québec, Valorisation-Recherche Québec, the Fonds de la Récherche en Santé du Québec, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Terry Fox Foundation (to M.P.). M.P. holds the Diane and Sal Guerrera Chair in Cancer Genetics at McGill University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bertos, N., Park, M. (2013). Role of Stroma in Disease Progression. In: Burnier, J., Burnier, Jr., M. (eds) Experimental and Clinical Metastasis. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3685-0_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3685-0_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-3684-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-3685-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)