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Neural Circuitry Responsible for Sleep and Wakefulness

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Abstract

Research over the past 50 years has determined that specific neurons in the brain are responsible for generating waking, non-REM sleep, and REM sleep. Some of the neurons responsible for keeping us awake are also involved in regulating energy metabolism. One such arousal neuronal population contains the neuropeptide hypocretin, also known as orexin. The HCRT neurons are located in the hypothalamus, an area that also contains other neurons regulating energy metabolism. The hypocretin neurons are most active during waking and silent during sleep, and their activity has been shown to regulate brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. The hypocretin neurons are also activated by low glucose levels and shut off when the glucose levels increase. Thus, the activity of the hypocretin neurons is linked to energy metabolism. Based on this relationship, it is easy to see how inadequate sleep or even frequent arousals during sleep, as occurs in obstructive sleep apnea, will affect energy metabolism and adiposity.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, Charleston, SC, 29403, USA

    Roda Rani Konadhode PhD & Dheeraj Pelluru PhD

  2. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Ralph H. Johnson VA and Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, Room 404, Charleston, SC, 29403, USA

    Priyattam J. Shiromani PhD

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  1. Roda Rani Konadhode PhD
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  2. Dheeraj Pelluru PhD
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  3. Priyattam J. Shiromani PhD
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Correspondence to Priyattam J. Shiromani PhD .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 1400 VFW Parkway, West Roxbury, 02132, USA

    Priyattam Shiromani

  2. , Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 375 Congress Ave., New Haven, 06519, USA

    Tamas Horvath

  3. , Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Wome, 221 Longwood Ave., Boston, 02115, USA

    Susan Redline

  4. , Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, 60637, USA

    Eve Van Cauter

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Konadhode, R.R., Pelluru, D., Shiromani, P.J. (2012). Neural Circuitry Responsible for Sleep and Wakefulness. In: Shiromani, P., Horvath, T., Redline, S., Van Cauter, E. (eds) Sleep Loss and Obesity. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3492-4_3

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