Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The ASCRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery

Abstract

There are over 25 diseases primarily spread by sexual means with an annual incidence of approximately 15 million cases in the USA.1 In 1994, the overall cost related to major sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) was estimated to be 17 billion dollars. In the UK, the incidence of STDs has substantially increased over the past 6 years and has led to a new government strategy to counteract these increases.2,3

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tracking the hidden epidemics. Trends in STDs in the USA. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2001. p. 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  2. British Medical Association. Sexually transmitted infections. February 2002;1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Kinghorn G. A sexual health and HIV strategy for England. Br Med J. 2001;323:243–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Halperin DT. Heterosexual anal intercourse: prevalence, cultural factors, and HIV infection and other health risks, Part 1. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 1999;13:717–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kozlowski PA, Neutra MR. The role of mucosal immunity in ­prevention of HIV transmissions. Curr Mol Med. 2003;3:217–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Sobhani I, Walker F, Aparicio T, et al. Effect of anal epidermoid cancer-related viruses on the dendritic (Langerhans’) cells of the human anal mucosa. Clin Cancer Res. 2002;8:2862–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Middleton K, Peh W, Southern S, et al. Organization of human papillomavirus productive cycle during neoplastic progression provide a basis for selection of diagnostic markers. J Virol. 2003;77:10186–201.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Kampmeier RH. Identification of the gonococcus by Albert Neisser. Sex Transm Dis. 1978;5:71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Hansen L, Wong T, Perrin M. Gonorrhoea resurgence in ­Canada. Int J STD AIDS. 2003;14:727–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Hook III EW, Handsfield HH. Gonococcal infection in the adult. In: Holmes KK, Sparling PR, Mardh PA, et al., editors. Sexually transmitted diseases. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1999. p. 451–66.

    Google Scholar 

  11. McMillan A, Young H, Moyes A. Rectal gonorrhoea in homosexual men: source of infection. Int J STD AIDS. 2000;11:284–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Ison C, Martin D. Gonorrhea. In: Morse SA, Ballard RC, Holmes KK, Moreland AA, editors. Atlas of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS. Edinburgh: Mosby; 2003. p. 109–25.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Young H, Manavi K, McMillan A. Evaluation of ligase chain reaction for the non-cultural detection of rectal and pharyngeal gonrrhea in men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Infect. 2003;79:484–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually ­transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2002. MMWR. 2002;51(RR-6):1–77.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2002 supplement. Gonococcal isolate surveillance project annual report. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Fenton KA, Ison C, Johnson AP, et al. Ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in England and Wales in 2002. Lancet. 2003;361:1867–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Cates W. Estimates of the incidence and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States. Sex Transm Dis. 1999;26(Suppl):S2–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Rampalo AM. Diagnosis and treatment of sexually acquired proctitis and proctocolitis: an update. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28 Suppl 1:S84–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Gregory A, Gottesman L. Sexually transmitted and infectious diseases. In: Beck DE, Wexner SD, editors. Fundamentals of anorectal surgery. London: WB Saunders; 1998. p. 414–31.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Stamm W. Chlamydia trachomatis infections of the adult. In: Holmes KK, Sparling PR, Mardh PA, et al., editors. Sexually transmitted diseases. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1999. p. 407–22.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Schacter J, Stephens R. Infections caused by Chlamydia ­trachomatis. In: Morse SA, Ballard RC, Holmes KK, Moreland AA, editors. Atlas of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS. Edinburgh: Mosby; 2003. p. 73–96.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Golden MR, Astet SG, Galvan R, et al. Pilot study of COBAS PCR and ligase chain reaction for detection of rectal infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:2174–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Primary and secondary syphilis – United States 2002. MMWR. 2003; 52:1117–20.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The national plan to eliminate syphilis from the United States. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services; 1999. p. 1–84. http://www.cdc.gov/stopsyphilis/plan.pdf.

  25. Cox D, Liu H, Moreland A, Levine W. Syphilis. In: Morse SA, Ballard RC, Holmes KK, Moreland AA, editors. Atlas of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS. Edinburgh: Mosby; 2003. p. 23–51.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Kohl KS, Farley T, Ewell J, Scioneaux J. Usefulness of partner notification for syphilis control. Sex Transm Dis. 1999; 26:201–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Spinola SM, Bauer ME, Munson RS. Immunopathogenesis of Haemophilus ducrei infection (Chancroid). Infect Immun. 2002;70:1667–76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. DiCarlo RP, Martin DH. The clinical diagnosis of genital ulcer disease in men. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;25:292–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Ballard R, Morse S. Chancroid. In: Morse SA, Ballard RC, Holmes KK, Moreland AA, editors. Atlas of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS. Edinburgh: Mosby; 2003. p. 53–71.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Orle KA, Gates CA, Martin DH, et al. Simultaneous PCR detection of Haemophilus ducreyi, Treponema pallidum, and herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 from genital ulcers. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:49–54.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. O’Farrell N. Donovanosis. Sex Transm Dis. 2002;78:452–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Fleming DT, McQuillan GM, Johnson RE, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 2 in the United States, 1976 to 1994. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1105–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Roberts CM, Pfister JR, Spear SJ. Increasing proportion of herpes simplex virus type 1 as a cause of genital herpes infection in college students. Sex Transm Dis. 2003;30:797–800.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Lafferty WE. The changing epidemiology of HSV-1 and HSV-2 and implications for serological testing. Herpes. 2002;9:51–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Goodell SE, Quinn TC, Mkrtichian E, et al. Herpes simplex virus proctitis in homosexual men. Clinical, sigmoidoscopic, and histopathological features. N Engl J Med. 1983;308:868–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Pertel PR, Spear PG. Biology of herpesviruses. In: Holmes KK, Sparling PR, Mardh PA, et al., editors. Sexually transmitted diseases. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1999. p. 269–83.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Wald A, Ashley-Morrow R. Serological testing for herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and HSV-2 infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35 Suppl 2:S173–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Slomka MJ. Current diagnostic techniques in genital herpes: their role in controlling the epidemic. Clin Lab. 2000;46: 591–607.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Ashley RL. Performance and use of HSV type-specific serology test kits. Herpes. 2002;9:38–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Rompalo AM, Mertz GJ, Davis LG, et al. A double-blind study of oral acyclovir for the treatment of first episode herpes simplex virus proctitis in homosexual men. JAMA. 1988;259:2879–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Wald A. New therapies and prevention strategies for genital herpes. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28(Suppl):S4–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Patel R. Progress in meeting today’s demands in genital herpes: an overview of current management. J Infect Dis. 2002;186 Suppl 1:S47–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Corey L, Wald A, Patel R, et al. Once-daily valacyclovir to reduce the risk of transmission of genital herpes. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:11–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Wiley DJ, Douglas J, Beutner K, et al. External genital warts: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35 Suppl 2:S210–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. von Krogh G, Longstaff E. Podophyllin office therapy against condyloma should be abandoned. Sex Transm Infect. 2001;77:409–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. von Krogh G, Lacey CJN, Gross G, et al. European course on HPV associated pathology: guidelines for primary care physicians for the diagnosis and management of anogenital warts. Sex Transm Infect. 2000;76:162–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Greenberg MD, Rutledge LH, Reid R, et al. A double-blind, randomized trial of 0.5% podofilox and placebo for the treatment of genital warts in women. Obstet Gynecol. 1991;77:735–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Edwards L, Ferenczy A, Eron L, et al. Self-administered topical 5% imiquimod cream for external anogenital warts. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134:25–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Tyring S, Edwards L, Cherry LK, et al. Safety and efficacy of 0.5% podofilox gel in the treatment of anogenital warts. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134:33–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Maitland JE, Maw R. An audit of patients who have received imiquimod cream 5% for the treatment of anogenital warts. Int J STD AIDS. 2000;11:268–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Beutner K, Tyring SK, Trofatter Jr KF, et al. Imiquimod, a patient-applied immune-response modifier for treatment of external genital warts. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998;42:789–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Fife KH, Ferenczy A, Douglas JM, et al. Treatment of external warts in men using 5% imiquimod cream applied three times a week, once daily, twice daily, or three times a day. Sex Transm Dis. 2001;28:226–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Kaspari M, Gutzmer R, Kaspari T, et al. Application of imiquimod by suppositories (anal tampons) efficiently prevents recurrences after ablation of anal canal condyloma. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:757–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Buschke A, Lowenstein L. Uber carcinomahnliche condylomata acuminata. Klin Wochenschr. 1925;4:1726.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Trombetta LJ, Place RJ. Giant condyloma acuminatum of the anorectum: trends in epidemiology and management. Report of a case and review of the literature. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:1878–86.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Butler TW, Gefter J, Kleto D, et al. Squamous-cell carcinoma of the anus in condyloma acuminatum: successful treatment with pre-operative chemotherapy and radiation. Dis Colon Rectum. 1987;30:293–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Frisch M, Biggar RJ, Goedert JJ. Human papillomavirus-associated cancers in patients with immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92:1500–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Goedert JJ, Cote TR, Virgo P, et al. Spectrum of AIDS-associated cancers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Lancet. 1998;351:1833–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Chin-Hong PV, Palefsky JM. Natural history and clinical management of anal human papillomavirus disease in men and women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:1127–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Palefsky JM. Anal human papillomavirus infection and anal cancer in HIV-positive individuals: an emerging problem. AIDS. 1994;8:293–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Cleary RK, Shaldebrand JD, Fowler JJ, et al. Perianal Bowen’s disease and anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42:945–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Caruso ML, Valentini AM. Different human papillomavirus genotypes in anogenital lesions. Anticancer Res. 1999;19:3049–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Colquhoun P, Nogeras JJ, Dipasquale B, et al. Interobserver and intraobserver bias exists in the interpretation of anal dysplasia. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003;46:1338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Piketty C, Darragh TM, Heard I, et al. High prevalence of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-positive men despite the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Sex Transm Dis. 2004;31:96–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Piketty C, Darragh TM, Da Costa M, et al. High prevalence of anal human papillomavirus infection and anal cancer precursors among HIV-infected persons in the absence of anal intercourse. Ann Intern Med. 2003;183:453–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Douglas Jr JM. Molluscum contagiosum. In: Holmes KK, Sparling PR, Mardh PA, et al., editors. Sexually transmitted diseases. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1999. p. 385–9.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Skinner RB. Treatment of mollscum contagiosum with imiquimod 5% cream. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47:S221–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Syed TA, Lundin S, Ahmad M. Topical 0.3% and 0.5% ­podophyllotoxin cream for self-treatment of molluscum contagiosum in males. A placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Dermatology. 1994;189:65–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Barre-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, et al. Isolation of a ­T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science. 1983;220:868–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS ­surveillance report 2005 (modified June, 2007);17:12.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR 1992; 41(RR-17)

    Google Scholar 

  72. Barrett WL, Callahan TD, Orkin BA. Perianal manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Experience with 260 patients. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:606–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Morandi E, Merlini D, Salvaggio A, et al. Prospective study of healing time after hemorroidectomy. Influence of HIV infection, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and anal wound infection. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42:1140–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Nadal SR, Manzione CR, Galvao VM, et al. Healing after fistulotomy. Comparative study between HIV+ and HIV− patients. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:177–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Lord RVN. Anorectal surgery in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Factors associated with delayed wound healing. Ann Surg. 1997;226:92–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Brar HS, Gottesman L, Surawicz C. Anorectal pathology in AIDS. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 1998;8:913–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Bernstein M. Anal fissure and the human immunodeficiency virus. Semin Colon Rectal Surg. 1997;8:40–5.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Modesto VL, Gottesman L. Surgical debridement and ­intralesional steroid injection in the treatment of idiopathic AIDS-related anal ulcerations. Am J Surg. 1997;174:439–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Hewitt WR, Sokol TP, Fleshner RP. Should HIV status alter indications for hemorrhoidectomy? Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39:615–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA

    Charles B. Whitlow MD

  2. Department of Colorectal Surgery, Columbia School of Physicians and Surgeons, St. Luke’s Roosevelt, New York, NY, USA

    Lester Gottesman MD, FACS, FASCRS

  3. Senior Attending Department of Surgery, Program Director, Colon and Rectal Surgery Fellowship, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA

    Mitchell A. Bernstein MD, FACS, FASCRS

  4. St. Luke’s Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA

    Mitchell A. Bernstein MD, FACS, FASCRS

Authors
  1. Charles B. Whitlow MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lester Gottesman MD, FACS, FASCRS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mitchell A. Bernstein MD, FACS, FASCRS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

    David E. Beck MD, FACS, FASCRS

  2. Department of Colorectal Surgery, Lahey Clinic, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA

    Patricia L. Roberts MD, FACS, FASCRS

  3. Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Rush Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Theodore J. Saclarides MD, FACS, FASCRS

  4. Department of Surgery, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA

    Anthony J. Senagore MD, FACS, FASCRS

  5. Department of Surgery, UCI Medical Center, Orange, California, USA

    Michael J. Stamos MD, FACS, FASCRS

  6. Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, Florida, USA

    Steven D. Wexner MD, FACS, FASCRS, FRCS, FRCS(Ed)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 ASCRS (American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Whitlow, C.B., Gottesman, L., Bernstein, M.A. (2011). Sexually Transmitted Diseases. In: Beck, D.E., Roberts, P.L., Saclarides, T.J., Senagore, A.J., Stamos, M.J., Wexner, S.D. (eds) The ASCRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1584-9_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1584-9_17

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-1581-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-1584-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation