Speleothems are the secondary mineral deposits formed in caves. The most common type of speleothems are the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) stalactites, stalagmites, and flowstones which are a ubiquitous feature of caves worldwide.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
5.0 References
Atkinson, T. C., 1977, Diffuse flow and conduit flow in limestone terrain in the Mendip Hills, Somerset (Great Britain), J. Hydrol. 35:93-110.
Atkinson, T. C., Harmon, R. S., Smart, P., and Waltham, A. C., Paleoclimate and geomorphic implications of 23 17il U dates on speleothems from Britain, Nature. 272:24-28.
Atkinson, T. C., Hess, J. W., and Harmon, R. S., 1985, Stable Isotope Variations in recharge to a karst aquifer, Yorkshire Dales: preliminary work. Ann. Soc. Geol. Begique. T108:225.
Ayalon, A., Bar-Matthews, M., and Sass, E., 1998, Rainfall-recharge relationships within a karstic terrain in the eastern Mediterranean semi-arid region. Israel: 8180 and SD characteristics, J. Hydrol. 207:18-31.
Baker, A., Ito, E., Smart, P., and McEwan, R. F., 1997, Elevated and variable values of 13C in speleothems in a British cave system, Chem. Geol. 36: 263-270.
Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A., Matthews, A., Sass, E., and Halicz, L, 1996, Carbon and oxygen isotope study of the active water-carbonate system in a karstic Mediterranean cave: implications for paleoclirnate research in semiarid regions, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 60: 337-347.
Bar-Matthews, M., and Kaufman, A., 1997, Late Quaternary paleoclimate in the eastern Mediterranean region from stable isotope analysis of speleothems at Soreq Cave, Israel. Quat. Res. 47:155-168.
Bond, J., Broecker, W. S., Johnsen, S., McManus, J., Labeyrie, L., Jouzel, J., and Bonani, R., 1993, Correlations between climate records from North Atlantic sediments and Greenland ice, Nature. 365:143-147.
Bums, S. J., Matter, A., Frank, N., and Mangini, A., 1998, Speleothem-based paleoclimate record from northern Oman, Geology. 26:499-502.
Caballero, E., Jimenez de Cisneros, C., and Reyes, E., 1996, A stable isotope study of cave seepage waters. Appl. Geochem. 11:583-587.
Ceding, T. E., Quade, J., Solomon, D. K., and Bowman, J. R., 1991, On the carbon isotopic composition of soil carbon dioxide, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 55:3403-3405.
Chapman, J. B., Ingraham, N. L., and Hess, J. W., 1992, Isotopic investigation of infiltration and unsaturated zone flow processes at Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, J. Hydrol. 133:343-363.
Coplen, T. B., Winograd, L J., Landwehr, J. M.. and Riggs, A. C., 1994, A500,000-year stable carbon isotope record from Devils Hole, Nevada, Science. 263:361-365.
Craig, H., 1957, Isotopic standards for carbon and oxygen and correction factors for mass-spectrometric analysis, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 12:133-149.
Craig, H., 1961, Isotopic variations in meteoric waters, Science. 133:1702-1703.
Dansgaard, W., 1964, Stable isotopes in precipitation, Tellus. 16:436-468.
Dansgaard, W., Johnsen, S.J., Claussen, H. B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Gundestrup, N. S., Hammer, C. U., Hvidberg, C. S., Steffensen, J. P., Sveinbjomsdottir, A. E., Jousel, J., and Bond, G., 1993, Evidence for general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice core record, Nature. 364:218-220.
Deines, P., Langmuir, D., and Harmon, R. S., 1974: Stable carbon isotope ratios and the existence of a gas phase in the evolution of carbonate ground waters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 26:1147-1154.
Dorale, J. A., Gonzalez, L. A., Reagan, M. K., Pickett, D. A., Murrell, M. T., and Baker, R. G., 1992, A high-resolution record of Holocene climate change in speleothem calcite from Cold Water Cave, northeast Iowa, Science. 258:1626-1630.
Dorale, J. A., Edwards, R.L., Ito, E., and Gonzalez, L. A., 1998, Climate and vegetation history of the midcontinent from 75 to 25 ka: a speleothem record from Crevice Cave, Missouri, USA, Science. 282:1871-1874.
Duplessy, J. C., Labeyrie, J., Lalou, C., Nguyen, H. V., 1970, A continental climatic variations between 130,000 and 90,000 years B.P., Nature. 226:631-633.
Duplessy, J. C., Labeyrie, J., Lalou, C., Nguyen, H. V., 1971, La mesure des variations climatiques continentales application a la periode comprise entre 130.000 et 90.000 ans B.P., Quat. Res. 1:162-174.
Edwards, R. L., Chen, J. H., and Wasserburg, G. J.,1987,238U-23`U-730Th systematics and the precise measurement of time over the past 500,000 years, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 81:175-192.
Emiliani, C. 1955, Pleistocene paleotemperatures, J. Geol. 63:538-318.
Emilani, C., 1971, The last interglacial paleotemperanires and chronology, Science. 171:571-573.
Epstein, S., Buchsbaum, R., Lowenstam, H. A., 1951: Carbonate-water isotopic temperature scale, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 62:417-426.
Epstein, S., Buchsbaum, R., Lowenstam, H, 1953. Revised carbonate-water isotopic temperature scale, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 64:1315-1326.
Fantidis, J. and Ehhalt, D. H., 1970, Variations of the carbon and oxygen isotopic composition in stalagmites and stalactites: evidence of non-equilibrium isotopic fractionation, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 10:136-144.
Fornaca-Rinaldi, G., Panichi, C., and Tongiorgi, E., 1968, Some causes of the variations of the isotopic composition of carbon and oxygen in cave concretions, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 4: 321-324.
Friedrich, H. and Smart, P. L, 1982, The classification of autogenic percolation waters in karst aquifers: a study in G.B. Cave, Mendip Hills, England. Proc. Bristol Univ. Speleol. Soc. 16:143-159.
Fritz, P., Drimmie, R. J., Frape, S. K., and O'Shea, K„ 1987, The isotopic composition of precipitation and groundwater in Canada, in International Symposium on the use of Isotope Techniques in Water Resources Development. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, IAEA-SM299, pp.39-550.
Frumkin, A., Ford, D. C., and Schwarez, H, P., 1999, Continental oxygen isotopic record of the last 170,000 years in Jerusalem, Quat. Res. 51:317-327.
Galimov, E. M., Grinenko, V. A., and Gubkin, L. M., 1965, Effect of leaching under surface conditions on the isotopic composition of carbon in secondary calcite, Geochim. Int. 2:79-82.
Gascoyne, M., 1979, Isotopic and geochrnnological studies of speleothems, Unpub. PhD Thesis, McMaster University, Hamilton (Ont.), Canada.
Gascoyne, M., 1980, Trace-element partition coefficients in the calcite-water system and their paleoclimate significance in cave studies, J. Hydrol. 61:212-222.
Gascoyne, M, 1992, Paleoclimate determination from cave calcite deposits, Quat. Sci. Rev. 11:609-632.
Gascoyne. M.. Ford, D. C., and Schwartz, H. P., 1981, Late Pleistocene chronology and paleoclimate of Vancouver Island determined from cave deposits, Can. J. Earth Sci.18:1643-1652.
Gascoyne, M. and Nelson, D. E., 1983, Growth mechanisms of recent speleothems from Castleguard Cave, Columbia Iceftelds, Alberta, Canada, inferred from a comparison of uranium-series and carbon-14 age data, Arctic Alpine Res. 15:537-542.
Gascoyne, M., Schwarcz, H. P., and Ford, D. C., 1980, A paleotemperature record for the Mid-Wisconsin in Vancouver Island, Nature. 285:74-76.
Glover, R. R., Pitty, A. F., and Waltham, A. C., 1977, Caves and karst of the Yorkshire Dales: Guidebook for the International Congress of Speleology, 37p.
Goode, A., Green, D. C., and Harmon, Is. S.. 1986, Late Pleistocene paleotemperature record from a Tasmanian speleothem, Austral. J. Earth Sci. 33:333-342.
Goode, A. and Hitchman, M. A., 1983, Late Quaternary climatic change: evidence from a Tasmanian speleothem, in J. C. Vogel, ed., late Cainozoic Paleoclimates of the Southern Hemisphere. Balkema Press, Rotterdam, pp. 221-232.
Goede, A., McDermott, F., Hawkesworth, C. J., Webb, J., and Finlayson, B., 1996, Evidence of Younger Dryas and Neoglacial cooling in a Late Quaternary paleotemperature record from a speleothem in eastern Victoria, Australia. J. Quat. Sci. 11: 1-7.
Goede, A., Veeh, H. H., and Ayliffe, L. K., 1990, Late Quaternary paleotemperature records for two Tasmanian speleothems, Austral. J. Earth Sci. 37:267-278.
Goodfriend, G. A., 1991, Holocene trends in1°0 in land snail shells frtmt the Negev Desert and their implications for changes in rainfall source areas, Quat. Res., 35:417-426.
Harmon, R.S., 1975, Late Pleistocene paleoclimates in North America as inferred from isotopic variations in speleothems. Unpublished PhD Thesis, McMaster University, Hamilton (Ont.), Canada.
Harmon, R. S., Atkinson, T.C., and Atkinson, J.L., 1983, The mineralogy of Castleguard Cave, Columbia Icefields, Canada, Arctic Alpine Res. 15:503-516.
Harmon, R .S., Ford, D.C., and Schwartz, H.P., 1977, Interglacial chronology of the Rocky and MacKenzie Mountains based upon 23()M -234U dating of calcite speleothems, Can. J. Earth Sci. 14:2543-2552.
Harmon, R. S. and Schwartz, H. P., 1981, Changes in 2H and 180 enrichment of meteoric water and Pleistocene glaciation, Nature. 290:125-128.
Harmon, R. S., Schwartz, H. P., and Ford, D. C., 1978a, Late Pleistocene paleoclimales of North America as determined from stable isotope studies of speleothems, Quat. Res. 9:54-70.
Harmon, R. S., Schwartz, H. P., and Ford, D. C. 1978b, Stable isotope geochemistry of speleothems and cave waters from the Flint Ridge-Mammoth Cave System: implications for terrestrial climate change during the period 230,000 to 100,000 years B.P., Jour. Geol. 86:373-384.
Harmon, Is. S., Schwartz, H. P., Ford, D. C., and Koch, D. L., 1979a, An isotopic paleotemperature record for Late Wisconsinan time in northeast Iowa, Geology. 7:430-433.
Harmon, R.S., Schwartz, H.P., and O'Neil, J.R., 1979b, D/h ratios in speleothem fluid inclusions: a guide to variations in the isotopic composition of meteoric precipitation?, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 42:254-266.
HeIlstrom, J., McCulloch, M., and Stone, J., 1998, A detailed 31,000-year record of climate and vegetation change from the isotope geochemistry of two New Zealand speleothems, Quat. Res. 50:167-178.
Heady, C. H., 1971, The isotopic geochemistry of speleothems - L the calculation of the effects of different modes of formation on the isotopic composition of speleothems and their applicability as paleoclimate indicators, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 35:801-824.
Hendy, C. H. and Wilson, A. T., 1968, Paleoclimate data from speleothems. Nature. 219:48-51. Hess, J.W., Atkinson, T.C., and Harmon, R.S., Unpublished Data.
Heusser, C. J., Heusser, L. E., and Streeter, S. S., 1980, Quaternary temperatures and precipitation for the north-west coast of North America, Nature. 286:702-704.
Holmgren, K., Karlen, W., and Shaw, P. A., 1995, Paleoclimatic significance of the stable isotopic composition and petrology of a Late Pleistocene stalagmite from Botswana, Quat. Res. 43:320-328.
Ingraham. N. L., Chapman, J. B., and Hess, J. W., 1990, Stable isotopes in cave pool systems: Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, U. S. A., Chem. Geol. 86:65-74.
Labeyrie, J., Duplessy, J.C., Delibrais, G. and Lctolle, Is., 1967, Etude des tempereatures des climates anciens par la mesure de l'oxygen-18 do carbone- 13 et du carbon-14 dans les concretions des caverienes, in Symposium on Radioactive Dating and Methods of Low Level Counting, Proceedings of the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, IAEA-SM87/5, pp.153-160.
Lauritzen, S.-E., 1995, High-resolution paleotemperature proxy record for the last interglaciation based on Norwegian speleothems, Quat. Res. 43:133-146.
Lauritzen, S. E., Lovlie, R., Moe, D., and Ostbye, E., 1990, Paleoclimate deduced from a multidisciplinary study of a half-million-year-old stalagmite from Rana, northern Norway, Quat. Res. 34:306-316.
Lauritzen, S.-E. and Onac, B. P., 1999, Isotopic stratigraphy of a last interglacial stalagmite from northwestern Romania: correlation with the deep-sea record and northern-latitude speleothem, J. Cave Karst Studies. 6:22-30.
Li, W.-X., Lundberg, J., Dickin, A. P., Ford, D. C., Schwarcz, H. P., McNutt, R., and Williams, D., 1989, High precision mass spectrometric uranium-series dating of cave deposits and implications for paleoclimate studies, Nature. 339:534-536.
Mangarud, J., Sonstergaard, E., and Sejrup, H. P., 1979, Correlation of the Eemian and Weichsclian with deep sea oxygen isotope stratigraphy, Quat. lat. 34-14
Marino, B. D, McElroy, M. B., Salawitch, R. J., and Spauling, W. G., 1992, Glacial-to-interglacial variations in the carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric CO2, Nature. 357:461-466.
Millen, T. M. and Dickey, D. N., 1987, A stable isotopic investigation of waters and speleothems in Wind Cave, South Dakota: an application of speleothem isotope paleothermometry, Nat. Speleol. Soc. Bull. 49:10-12.
Miotke, F.-D., 1974, Carbon dioxide and the soil atmosphere, Abhand. Karst Hohl. Ser. A, 9:1-49.
O'Neil, J. R., Clayton, R. N., and Mayeda, T. K., 1969, Oxygen isotope fractionation in divalent metal carbonates, J. Chem. Phys. 51:5547-5558.
O'Neil, J. R., Adami, L. H., and Epstein, S., 1975, Revised value for the 'BO fractionation between CO2 and H2O at 25°C. J. Res. U.S. Geol. Sucv. 3:623-624.
Quade, J., Carting, T. E., and Bowman, J. R., 1989, Systematic variations in the carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of pedogenic carbonate along elevation transects in the southern Great Basin, United States, Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 101:464-475.
Salomons, W. and Mock, W. G., 1986, Â Isotope geochemistry of carbonates in the weathering zone, in Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry, P. Fritz and C. Fontes, eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2:239-270.
Schwartz, H. P. 1986, Geochronology and isotope geochemistry of speleothems, in Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry, P. Fritz and C. Fontes, eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2:271-303.
Sehwarez, H. P., Harmon, R. S., Thompson, P., and Ford, D. C., 1976, Stable isotope studies of fluid inclusions in speleothems and their paleocimate significance, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 40:657-665.
Schwartz, H. P. and Yonge, C. J., 1983, Isotopic composition of paleowaters as inferred from speleothem and its fluid inclusions, in Paleoclimates and Paleowaters; A Collection of Environmental Isotope Studies. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, IAEA-STI/PUB621, pp.115-133.
Shackleton, N. J., Imbrie, J., and Hall, M. A., 1983, Oxygen and carbon isotope record of East Pacific core V 19-30: implications for the formation of deep water in the Late Pleistocene North Atlantic. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 65:233-244.
Shackleton, N. J. and Opdyke, N. D., 1973, Oxygen isotope and paleomagnetic stratigraphy of equatorial Pacific core V28-238: oxygen isotope temperatures and ioe volumes on a 105 and 106 year time scale, Quat. Res., 3:39-53.
Siegenthaler, U., 1979, Stable hydrogen and oxygen in the water cycle, in Lectures in Isotope Geology, E. Jager and J.C. Hunziker, eds., Springer, Berlin, pp. 264-273.
Sonntag, C, Munich, K. 0.. and Jacob, H., 1983, Variations of deuterium and oxygen-18 in continental precipitation and groundwater, and their causes, in Variations in the Global Water Budget, A. StreetPerrot and A. Beran, eds., D. Reidcl, Dordrecht, pp 107-124.
Stuiver, M., 1968, Oxygen-18 content of atmospheric precipitation during the last 11,000 years in the Great Lakes region, Science. 162:994-997.
Talma, A. S. and Vogel., J. C., 1992, Late quaternary paleotemperatures derived from a speleothem from Cango Caves, Cape Province, South Africa: Qua[. Res. 37:203-213.
Talma, A. S.. Vogel, J. C., and Partridge, T. C., 1974, isotopic contents of some Transvaal speleothems and theirpaleoclimate significance, South African J. Sci. 70:135-140.
Taylor, H. P., 1974, The Application of Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Studies to Problems of Hydrothermal Alteration and Ore Deposition: Econ. Geol. 69:843-883.
Thompson, P., Schwartz, H. P., and Ford, D. C., 1974, Continental Pleistocene climatic variations from speleothem age and isotopic data, Science, 184:894-896.
Thompson, P., Schwartz, H. P., and Ford, D. C., 1976, Stable isotope geochemistry, geothermometry, and geochronology of speleothems from West Virginia, Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 87: 730-1738.
Urbane, J., Pezdic, J., Bronc, LK, and Scdoc, D-, 1987, Comparison of isotopic composition of different forms of calcite precipitated from fresh water, Proceedings International Symposium on the Use of Isotope Techniques in Water Resources Development, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, lAEA-SM-131P, pp. 783-787.
Urey, H. C., 1947, The thermodynamic properties of isotopic substances, J. Chem. Soc. (London), 562-581.
Urey, H. C., Lowenstam, H. A., Epstein, S., and McKinney, C. R., 1951, Measurement of paleotemperatures and temperatures of the Upper Cretaceous of England, Denmark, and the southeastern United States, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 62:399-416.
Wigley, T. M. L., Plummer, L. N., and Pearson, F. J., 1979, Mass transfer and carbon isotope evolution in natural water systems, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 42:1117-1139.
Winograd, L. J., Coplen, T. B., Landwehr, J. M., Riggs, A. C., Ludwig, K. R., Szabo, B. J., Kolesar, P. T., and Revez, K. M., 1992, Continuous 500,000-year climate record from vein calcite in Devils Hole, Nevada. Science. 258:255-260.
Yonge, C. J., Ford, D. C., Gray, J., and Schwarz, H. P., 1985, Stable isotope studies of cave seepage water, Chem. Geol. 58:97-105.
Yurtsever, M., and Gat, J. R., 1981, Stable isotope hydrology: deuterium and oxygen-18 in the water cycle: in Atmospheric Waters, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, IAEA TRS-210, pp.103-142.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Harmon, R.S., Schwarcz, H.P., Gascoyne, M., Hess, J.W., Ford, D.C. (2007). Paleoclimate Information From Speleothems: The Present As A Guide To The Past. In: Sasowsky, I.D., Mylroie, J. (eds) Studies of Cave Sediments. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5766-3_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5766-3_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-5326-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-5766-3
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)