Abstract
Binary expression systems are useful genetic tools for experimentally labeling or manipulating the function of defined cells. The Q-system is a repressible binary expression system that consists of a transcription factor QF (and the recently improved QF2/QF2w), the inhibitor QS, a QUAS-geneX effector, and a drug that inhibits QS (quinic acid). The Q-system can be used alone or in combination with other binary expression systems, such as GAL4/UAS and LexA/LexAop. In this review chapter, we discuss the past, present, and future of the Q-system for applications in Drosophila and other organisms. We discuss the in vivo application of the Q-system for transgenic labeling, the modular nature of QF that allows chimeric or split transcriptional activators to be developed, its temporal control by quinic acid, new methods to generate QF2 reagents, intersectional expression labeling, and its recent adoption into many emerging experimental species.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Brand AH, Perrimon N (1993) Targeted gene expression as a means of altering cell fates and generating dominant phenotypes. Development 118(2):401–415. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.1331809
Johnston M (1987) A model fungal gene regulatory mechanism: the GAL genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol Rev 51(4):458–476. https://doi.org/10.1128/MR.51.4.458-476.1987
Platt A, Reece RJ (1998) The yeast galactose genetic switch is mediated by the formation of a Gal4p–Gal80p–Gal3p complex. EMBO J 17(14):4086–4091. https://doi.org/10.1093/EMBOJ/17.14.4086
Giles NH, Geever RF, Asch DK, Avalos J, Case ME (1989) Organization and regulation of the qa (quinic acid) genes in Neurospora crassa and other fungi. J Hered 82:1–7
Baum JA, Geever R, Giles NH (1987) Expression of qa-1F activator protein: identification of upstream binding sites in the qa gene cluster and localization of the DNA-binding domain. Mol Cell Biol 7(3):1256–1266. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.7.3.1256-1266.1987
Geever RF, Huiet L, Baum JA, Tyler BM, Patel VB, Rutledge BJ et al (1989) DNA sequence, organization and regulation of the qa gene cluster of Neurospora crassa. J Mol Biol 207(1):15–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(89)90438-5
McGuire SE, Le PT, Osborn AJ, Matsumoto K, Davis RL (2003) Spatiotemporal rescue of memory dysfunction in Drosophila. Science (80-) 302(5651):1765–1768. https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIENCE.1089035
Lai SL, Lee T (2006) Genetic mosaic with dual binary transcriptional systems in Drosophila. Nat Neurosci 9(5):703–709. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1681
Pfeiffer BD, Ngo T-TB, Hibbard KL, Murphy C, Jenett A, Truman JW et al (2010) Refinement of tools for targeted gene expression in Drosophila. Genetics 186(2):735–755. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.110.119917
Lee T, Luo L (1999) Mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker for studies of gene function in neuronal morphogenesis. Neuron 22(3):451–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80701-1
Potter CJ, Tasic B, Russler EV, Liang L, Luo L (2010) The Q system: a repressible binary system for transgene expression, lineage tracing, and mosaic analysis. Cell 141(3):536–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.025
Riabinina O, Luginbuhl D, Marr E, Liu S, Wu MN, Luo L et al (2015) Improved and expanded Q-system reagents for genetic manipulations. Nat Methods 12(3):219
Gill G, Ptashne M (1987) Mutants of GAL4 protein altered in an activation function. Cell 51(1):121–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(87)90016-X
Kramer JM, Staveley BE (2003) GAL4 causes developmental defects and apoptosis when expressed in the developing eye of Drosophila melanogaster. Genet Mol Res 2(1):43–47
Shearin HK, MacDonald IS, Spector LP, Steven Stowers R (2014) Hexameric GFP and mCherry reporters for the Drosophila GAL4, Q, and LexA transcription systems. Genetics 196(4):951–960. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.113.161141
Pfeiffer BD, Truman JW, Rubin GM (2012) Using translational enhancers to increase transgene expression in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(17):6626–6631. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1204520109
Riabinina O, Vernon SW, Dickson BJ, Baines RA (2019) Split-QF system for fine-tuned transgene expression in Drosophila. Genetics 212(1):genetics.302034.2019. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.119.302034
Mao S, Qi Y, Zhu H, Huang X, Zou Y, Chi T (2019) A Tet/Q hybrid system for robust and versatile control of transgene expression in C. elegans. iScience 11:224–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2018.12.023
Luan H, Peabody NC, Vinson CRR, White BH (2006) Refined spatial manipulation of neuronal function by combinatorial restriction of transgene expression. Neuron 52(3):425–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.08.028
Tirian L, Dickson B (2017) The VT GAL4, LexA, and split-GAL4 driver line collections for targeted expression in the Drosophila nervous system. bioRxiv. 198648. https://doi.org/10.1101/198648
Wei X, Potter CJ, Luo L, Shen K (2012) Controlling gene expression with the Q repressible binary expression system in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nat Methods 9(4):391
Ghosh A, Halpern ME (2016) Transcriptional regulation using the Q system in transgenic zebrafish. Methods Cell Biol 135:205–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.05.001
Younger MA, Herre M, Goldman OV, Lu T-C, Caballero-Vidal G, Qi Y, et al (2020) Non-canonical odor coding ensures unbreakable mosquito attraction to humans. bioRxiv. 2020.11.07.368720. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.07.368720
Potter CJ, Luo L (2011) Using the Q system in Drosophila melanogaster. Nat Protoc 6(8):1105–1120
Li YX, Sibon OCM, Dijkers PF (2018) Inhibition of NF-ΚB in astrocytes is sufficient to delay neurodegeneration induced by proteotoxicity in neurons. J Neuroinflammation 15(1):261. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-018-1278-2
Edwards TN, Meinertzhagen IA (2010) The functional organisation of glia in the adult brain of Drosophila and other insects. Prog Neurobiol 90(4):471–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.01.001
Li Q, Stavropoulos N (2016) Evaluation of ligand-inducible expression systems for conditional neuronal manipulations of sleep in drosophila. G3 (Bethesda) 6(10):3351–3359. https://doi.org/10.1534/g3.116.034132
Cottee PA, Cole T, Schultz J, Hoang HD, Vibbert J, Han SM et al (2017) The C. elegans VAPB homolog VPR-1 is a permissive signal for gonad development. Development 144(12):2187–2199. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.152207
Hoang HD, Miller MA (2017) Chemosensory and hyperoxia circuits in C. elegans males influence sperm navigational capacity. PLoS Biol 15(6):e2002047. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2002047
Lalwani MA, Zhao EM, Wegner SA, Avalos JL (2021) The Neurospora crassa inducible Q system enables simultaneous optogenetic amplification and inversion in saccharomyces cerevisiae for bidirectional control of gene expression. ACS Synth Biol. acssynbio.1c00229. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACSSYNBIO.1C00229
MacDonald IC, Seamons TR, Emmons JC, Javdan SB, Deans TL (2021) Enhanced regulation of prokaryotic gene expression by a eukaryotic transcriptional activator. Nat Commun 12(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24434-9
Monsalve GC, Yamamoto KR, Ward JD (2018) A new tool for inducible gene expression in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics. genetics.301705.2018. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.118.301705
Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E (2012) A programmable dual-RNA–guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science (80-) 337(6096):816–821
Lin C-C, Potter CJ (2016) Editing transgenic DNA components by inducible gene replacement in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 203(4):1613–1628
Siegal ML, Hartl DL (1996) Transgene coplacement and high efficiency site-specific recombination with the Cre/loxP system in Drosophila. Genetics 144(2):715–726.
Port F, Chen H-M, Lee T, Bullock SL (2014) Optimized CRISPR/Cas tools for efficient germline and somatic genome engineering in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci 111(29):E2967–E2976. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1405500111
Gratz SJ, Cummings AM, Nguyen JN, Hamm DC, Donohue LK, Harrison MM et al (2013) Genome engineering of Drosophila with the CRISPR RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease. Genetics 194(4):1029–1035. https://doi.org/10.1534/GENETICS.113.152710
Levis R, Hazelrigg T, Rubin GM (1985) Effects of genomic position on the expression of transduced copies of the white gene of Drosophila. Science (80-) 229(4713):558–561. https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIENCE.2992080
Xie T, Ho MCW, Liu Q, Horiuchi W, Lin C-C, Task D et al (2018) A genetic toolkit for dissecting dopamine circuit function in Drosophila. Cell Rep 23(2):652–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CELREP.2018.03.068
Allen SE, Koreman GT, Sarkar A, Wang B, Wolfner MF, Han C (2021) Versatile CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mosaic analysis by gRNA-induced crossing-over for unmodified genomes. PLoS Biol 19(1):e3001061. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PBIO.3001061
Wang P, Jia Y, Liu T, Jan YN, Zhang W (2020) Visceral mechano-sensing neurons control Drosophila feeding by using piezo as a sensor. Neuron 108(4):640–650.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEURON.2020.08.017
Koreman GT, Xu Y, Hu Q, Zhang Z, Allen SE, Wolfner MF et al (2021) Upgraded CRISPR/Cas9 tools for tissue-specific mutagenesis in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci 118(14). https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.2014255118
Terradas G, Buchman AB, Bennett JB, Shriner I, Marshall JM, Akbari OS et al (2021) Inherently confinable split-drive systems in Drosophila. Nat Commun 12(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21771-7
Task D, Lin C-C, Vulpe A, Afify A, Ballou S, Brbić M et al (2022) Chemoreceptor co-expression in Drosophila melanogaster olfactory neurons. eLife 11:e72599. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.72599
Chen Y, Dahanukar A (2017) Molecular and cellular organization of taste neurons in adult Drosophila pharynx. Cell Rep 21(10):2978–2991. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CELREP.2017.11.041
Lee S, Jones WD, Kim DH (2020) A cyclic nucleotide-gated channel in the brain regulates olfactory modulation through neuropeptide F in fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 103(1):e21620. https://doi.org/10.1002/arch.21620
Youn H, Kirkhart C, Chia J, Scott K (2018) A subset of octopaminergic neurons that promotes feeding initiation in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 13(6):e0198362. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0198362
Carreira-Rosario A, Zarin AA, Clark MQ, Manning L, Fetter RD, Cardona A et al (2018) MDN brain descending neurons coordinately activate backward and inhibit forward locomotion. eLife 7. https://doi.org/10.7554/ELIFE.38554
Gao X, Riabinina O, Li J, Potter C, Clandinin T, Luo L (2015) A transcriptional reporter of intracellular Ca(2+) in Drosophila. Nat Neurosci 18(6):917–925. https://doi.org/10.1038/NN.4016
Guo F, Chen X, Rosbash M (2017) Temporal calcium profiling of specific circadian neurons in freely moving flies. Proc Natl Acad Sci 114(41):E8780–E8787. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1706608114
Simpson J, Looger L (2018) Functional imaging and optogenetics in Drosophila. Genetics 208(4):1291–1309. https://doi.org/10.1534/GENETICS.117.300228
Jenett A, Rubin G, Ngo T, Shepherd D, Murphy C, Dionne H et al (2012) A GAL4-driver line resource for Drosophila neurobiology. Cell Rep 2(4):991–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CELREP.2012.09.011
Li HH, Kroll JR, Lennox SM, Ogundeyi O, Jeter J, Depasquale G et al (2014) A GAL4 driver resource for developmental and behavioral studies on the larval CNS of Drosophila. Cell Rep 8(3):897–908. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CELREP.2014.06.065
Pfeiffer BD, Jenett A, Hammonds AS, Ngo T-TB, Misra S, Murphy C et al (2008) Tools for neuroanatomy and neurogenetics in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105(28):9715–9720. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.0803697105
Kvon EZ, Kazmar T, Stampfel G, Yáñez-Cuna JO, Pagani M, Schernhuber K et al (2014) Genome-scale functional characterization of Drosophila developmental enhancers in vivo. Nature 512(7512):91–95. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13395
Gohl DM, Silies MA, Gao XJ, Bhalerao S, Luongo FJ, Lin CC et al (2011) A versatile in vivo system for directed dissection of gene expression patterns. Nat Methods 8(3):231–237. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1561
Venken KJT, Schulze KL, Haelterman NA, Pan H, He Y, Evans-Holm M et al (2011) MiMIC: a highly versatile transposon insertion resource for engineering Drosophila melanogaster genes. Nat Methods 8(9):737–747. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1662
Diao F, Ironfield H, Luan H, Diao F, Shropshire W, Ewer J et al (2015) Plug-and-play genetic access to drosophila cell types using exchangeable exon cassettes. Cell Rep 10(8):1410–1421. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CELREP.2015.01.059
Lee PT, Zirin J, Kanca O, Lin WW, Schulze KL, Li-Kroeger D et al (2018) A gene-specific T2A-GAL4 library for drosophila. eLife 7. https://doi.org/10.7554/ELIFE.35574
Golic K, Lindquist S (1989) The FLP recombinase of yeast catalyzes site-specific recombination in the Drosophila genome. Cell 59(3):499–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(89)90033-0
Bischof J, Basler K (2008) Recombinases and their use in gene activation, gene inactivation, and transgenesis. Methods Mol Biol 420:175–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-583-1_10
Nern A, Pfeiffer BD, Svoboda K, Rubin GM (2011) Multiple new site-specific recombinases for use in manipulating animal genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci 108(34):14198–14203. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1111704108
Dolan M, Luan H, Shropshire W, Sutcliffe B, Cocanougher B, Scott R et al (2017) Facilitating neuron-specific genetic manipulations in Drosophila melanogaster using a split GAL4 repressor. Genetics 206(2):775–784. https://doi.org/10.1534/GENETICS.116.199687
Sethi S, Wang JW (2017) A versatile genetic tool for post-translational control of gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster. eLife 6. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.30327
Riabinina O, Task D, Marr E, Lin C-C, Alford R, O’brochta DA et al (2016) Organization of olfactory centres in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Nat Commun 7:13010
Zhao Z, Tian D, McBride CS (2021) Development of a pan-neuronal genetic driver in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Cell Rep Methods 1(3):100042. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CRMETH.2021.100042
Subedi A, Macurak M, Gee ST, Monge E, Goll MG, Potter CJ et al (2014) Adoption of the Q transcriptional regulatory system for zebrafish transgenesis. Methods 66(3):433–440
Burgess J, Burrows JT, Sadhak R, Chiang S, Weiss A, D’Amata C et al (2020) An optimized QF-binary expression system for use in zebrafish. Dev Biol 465(2):144–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.07.007
Fitzgerald M, Gibbs C, Shimpi AA, Deans TL (2017) Adoption of the Q transcriptional system for regulating gene expression in stem cells. ACS Synth Biol 6(11):2014–2020
Persad R, Reuter DN, Dice LT, Nguyen M-A, Rigoulot SB, Layton JS et al (2020) The Q-system as a synthetic transcriptional regulator in plants. Front Plant Sci 11:245
Reis RS, Litholdo CG, Bally J, Roberts TH, Waterhouse PM (2018) A conditional silencing suppression system for transient expression. Sci Rep 8(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27778-3
Mózsik L, Büttel Z, Bovenberg RAL, Driessen AJM, Nygård Y (2019) Synthetic control devices for gene regulation in Penicillium chrysogenum. Microb Cell Factories 18(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-019-1253-3
Lynd A, Lycett GJ (2012) Development of the bi-partite Gal4-UAS system in the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. PLoS One 7(2):e31552. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0031552
Kokoza VA, Raikhel AS (2011) Targeted gene expression in the transgenic Aedes aegypti using the binary Gal4-UAS system. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 41(8):637–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IBMB.2011.04.004
O’Brochta DA, Pilitt KL, Harrell RA, Aluvihare C, Alford RT (2012) Gal4-based enhancer-trapping in the malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi. G3 (Bethesda) 2(11):1305–1315. https://doi.org/10.1534/G3.112.003582
Lynd A, Lycett GJ (2011) Optimization of the Gal4-UAS system in an Anopheles gambiae cell line. Insect Mol Biol 20(5):599–608. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2583.2011.01090.X
Matthews BJ, Younger MA, Vosshall LB (2019) The ion channel ppk301 controls freshwater egg-laying in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. eLife 8:e43963
Afify A, Betz JF, Riabinina O, Lahondère C, Potter CJ (2019) Commonly used insect repellents hide human odors from Anopheles mosquitoes. Curr Biol 29(21):3669–3680
Maguire SE, Afify A, Goff LA, Potter CJ (2022) Odorant-receptor-mediated regulation of chemosensory gene expression in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Cell Reports 38(10):110494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110494
Ye Z, Liu F, Sun H, Barker M, Pitts RJ, Zwiebel LJ (2020) Heterogeneous expression of the ammonium transporter AgAmt in chemosensory appendages of the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 120:103360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103360
Potter CJ (2021) Unlocking pan-neuronal expression in mosquitoes. Cell Rep Methods 1(3):100051. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CRMETH.2021.100051
Diao F, White BH (2012) A novel approach for directing transgene expression in Drosophila: T2A-Gal4 in-frame fusion. Genetics 190(3):1139–1144. https://doi.org/10.1534/GENETICS.111.136291
Jové V, Gong Z, Hol FJH, Zhao Z, Sorrells TR, Carroll TS et al (2020) Sensory discrimination of blood and floral nectar by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Neuron 108(6):1163–1180.e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.019
Shankar S, Tauxe GM, Spikol ED, Li M, Akbari OS, Giraldo D et al (2020) Synergistic coding of human odorants in the mosquito brain. bioRxiv. 2020.11.02.365916. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.02.365916
Sorrells TR, Pandey A, Rosas-Villegas A, Vosshall LB (2022) A persistent behavioral state enables sustained predation of humans by mosquitoes. eLife 11:e76663. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.76663
Zhao Z, Zung JL, Hinze A, Kriete AL, Iqbal A, Younger MA, et al. (2022) Mosquito brains encode unique features of human odour to drive host seeking. Nature 605:706–712. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04675-4
Ye Z, Liu F, Sun H, Baker A, Zwiebel LJ (2021) Discrete roles of the Ir76b ionotropic co-receptor impact olfaction, blood feeding, and mating in the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles coluzzii. bioRxiv. 2021.07.05.451160. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.05.451160
Basrur NS, Elena De Obaldia M, Morita T, Herre M, von Heynitz RK, Tsitohay YN et al (2020) Fruitless mutant male mosquitoes gain attraction to human odor. eLife. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.63982
Eckermann KN, Dippel S, KaramiNejadRanjbar M, Ahmed HM, Curril IM, Wimmer EA (2014) Perspective on the combined use of an independent transgenic sexing and a multifactorial reproductive sterility system to avoid resistance development against transgenic Sterile Insect Technique approaches. BMC Genet 15(2):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2156-15-S2-S17
Hubbard JAE (2014) FLP/FRT and Cre/lox recombination technology in C. elegans. Methods 68(3):417–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.YMETH.2014.05.007
Wang H, Liu J, Gharib S, Chai CM, Schwarz EM, Pokala N et al (2016) cGAL, a temperature-robust GAL4–UAS system for Caenorhabditis elegans. Nat Methods 14(2):145–148. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4109
Nonet ML (2020) Efficient transgenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans using flp recombinase-mediated cassette exchange. Genetics 215(4):903–921. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.120.303388
Schild LC, Zbinden L, Bell HW, Yu YV, Sengupta P, Goodman MB et al (2014) The balance between cytoplasmic and nuclear CaM kinase-1 signaling controls the operating range of noxious heat avoidance. Neuron 84(5):983–996. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEURON.2014.10.039
Schild LC, Glauser DA (2015) Dual color neural activation and behavior control with chrimson and CoChR in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 200(4):1029–1034. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.115.177956
Jee C, Goncalves JF, LeBoeuf B, Garcia LR (2016) CRF-like receptor SEB-3 in sex-common interneurons potentiates stress handling and reproductive drive in C. elegans. Nat Commun 7(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11957
Tolstenkov O, Van der Auwera P, Costa WS, Bazhanova O, Gemeinhardt TM, Bergs ACF et al (2018) Functionally asymmetric motor neurons contribute to coordinating locomotion of Caenorhabditis elegans. eLife 7. https://doi.org/10.7554/ELIFE.34997
Chiyoda H, Kume M, Castillo CCD, Kontani K, Spang A, Katada T et al (2021) Caenorhabditis elegans PTR/PTCHD PTR-18 promotes the clearance of extracellular hedgehog-related protein via endocytosis. PLoS Genet 17(4):e1009457. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PGEN.1009457
Marques F, Thapliyal S, Javer A, Shrestha P, Brown AEX, Glauser DA (2020) Tissue-specific isoforms of the single C. elegans Ryanodine receptor gene unc-68 control specific functions. PLoS Genet 16(10):e1009102. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PGEN.1009102
Aoki W, Matsukura H, Yamauchi Y, Yokoyama H, Hasegawa K, Shinya R et al (2018) Cellomics approach for high-throughput functional annotation of Caenorhabditis elegans neural network. Sci Rep 8(1):1–9
Scheer N, Campos-Ortega J (1999) Use of the Gal4-UAS technique for targeted gene expression in the zebrafish. Mech Dev 80(2):153–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4773(98)00209-3
Goll MG, Anderson R, Stainier DYR, Spradling AC, Halpern ME (2009) Transcriptional silencing and reactivation in transgenic zebrafish. Genetics 182(3):747–755. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.109.102079
Suli A, Guler AD, Raible DW, Kimelman D (2014) A targeted gene expression system using the tryptophan repressor in zebrafish shows no silencing in subsequent generations. Development 141(5):1167–1174. https://doi.org/10.1242/DEV.100057
Emelyanov A, Parinov S (2008) Mifepristone-inducible LexPR system to drive and control gene expression in transgenic zebrafish. Dev Biol 320(1):113–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.YDBIO.2008.04.042
Wopat S, Bagwell J, Sumigray KD, Dickson AL, Huitema LFA, Poss KD et al (2018) Spine patterning is guided by segmentation of the notochord sheath. Cell Rep 22(8):2026–2038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.084
Peskin B, Henke K, Cumplido N, Treaster S, Harris MP, Bagnat M et al (2020) Notochordal signals establish phylogenetic identity of the teleost spine. Curr Biol 30(14):2805–2814.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.037
Hachimi M, Grabowski C, Campanario S, Herranz G, Baonza G, Serrador JM et al (2021) Smoothelin-like 2 inhibits coronin-1B to stabilize the apical actin cortex during epithelial morphogenesis. Curr Biol 31(4):696–706.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.010
Fernandes AM, Mearns DS, Donovan JC, Larsch J, Helmbrecht TO, Kölsch Y et al (2021) Neural circuitry for stimulus selection in the zebrafish visual system. Neuron 109(5):805–822.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2020.12.002
Chaverra-Rodriguez D, Macias VM, Hughes GL, Pujhari S, Suzuki Y, Peterson DR et al (2018) Targeted delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein into arthropod ovaries for heritable germline gene editing. Nat Commun 9(1):3008. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05425-9
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Steve Chivasa, Tim Davies, and Jessica Mavica for insightful comments on the manuscript. OF was funded by the Laidlaw fellowship. OR was funded by the Wellcome Trust (217440/Z/19/Z) and the Royal Society (RGS\R2\192005).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Fölsz, O., Lin, CC., Task, D., Riabinina, O., Potter, C.J. (2022). The Q-system: A Versatile Repressible Binary Expression System. In: Dahmann, C. (eds) Drosophila. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2540. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2541-5_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2541-5_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-2540-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-2541-5
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols