Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9 has revolutionized the field of genome engineering. Base editing, a new genome editing strategy, was recently developed to engineer nucleotide substitutions. DNA base editing systems use a catalytically impared Cas nuclease together with a nucleobase deaminase enzyme to specifically introduce point mutations without generating double-stranded breaks, which provide huge potential in crop improvement. Here, we describe fast and efficient preparation of user-friendly C to T base editors, BE3, and Target-AID. Presented are detailed protocols for T-DNA vector preparation with BE3 or modified Target-AID base editor based on Gateway assembly and efficiency assessment of base editing through a rice protoplast transient expression system.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Kim YG, Cha J, Chandrasegaran S (1996) Hybrid restriction enzymes: zinc finger fusions to Fok I cleavage domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93(3):1156–1160
Christian M et al (2010) Targeting DNA double-strand breaks with TAL effector nucleases. Genetics 186(2):757–761
Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E (2012) A programmable dual-RNA–guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science 337(6096):816–821
Garneau JE et al (2010) The CRISPR/Cas bacterial immune system cleaves bacteriophage and plasmid DNA. Nature 468(7320):67–71
Jansen R, van Embden JDA, Gaastra W, Schouls LM (2002) Identification of genes that are associated with DNA repeats in prokaryotes. Mol Microbiol 43(6):1565–1575
Lees-Miller SP, Meek K (2003) Repair of DNA double strand breaks by non-homologous end joining. Biochimie 85(11):1161–1173
Sfeir A, Symington LS (2015) Microhomology-mediated end joining: a back-up survival mechanism or dedicated pathway? Trends Biochem Sci 40(11):701–714
Liang F, Han M, Romanienko PJ, Jasin M (1998) Homology-directed repair is a major double-strand break repair pathway in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95(9):5172–5177
Jeggo PA (1998) DNA breakage and repair. Adv Genet 38:185–218
Kosicki M, Tomberg K, Bradley A (2018) Repair of double-strand breaks induced by CRISPR–Cas9 leads to large deletions and complex rearrangements. Nat Biotechnol 36(8):765–771
Komor AC, Kim YB, Packer MS, Zuris JA, Liu DR (2016) Programmable editing of a target base in genomic DNA without double-stranded DNA cleavage. Nature 533(7603):420–424
Nishida K et al (2016) Targeted nucleotide editing using hybrid prokaryotic and vertebrate adaptive immune systems. Science 353(6305):aaf8729
Gaudelli NM et al (2017) Programmable base editing of A•T to G•C in genomic DNA without DNA cleavage. Nature 551(7681):464
Harris RS, Petersen-Mahrt SK, Neuberger MS (2002) RNA editing enzyme APOBEC1 and some of its homologs can act as DNA mutators. Mol Cell 10(5):1247–1253
Conticello SG (2008) The AID/APOBEC family of nucleic acid mutators. Genome Biol 9(6):229
Hua K, Tao X, Zhu J-K (2018) Expanding the base editing scope in rice by using Cas9 variants. Plant Biotechnol J 17(2):499–504
Li J, Sun Y, Du J, Zhao Y, Xia L (2017) Generation of targeted point mutations in rice by a modified CRISPR/Cas9 system. Mol Plant 10(3):526–529
Lu Y, Zhu J-K (2017) Precise editing of a target base in the rice genome using a modified CRISPR/Cas9 system. Mol Plant 10(3):523–525
Ren B et al (2017) A CRISPR/Cas9 toolkit for efficient targeted base editing to induce genetic variations in rice. Sci China Life Sci 60(5):516–519
Zong Y et al (2017) Precise base editing in rice, wheat and maize with a Cas9-cytidine deaminase fusion. Nat Biotechnol 35(5):438–440
Shimatani Z et al (2017) Targeted base editing in rice and tomato using a CRISPR-Cas9 cytidine deaminase fusion. Nat Biotechnol 35(5):441–443
Eid A, Alshareef S, Mahfouz MM (2018) CRISPR base editors: genome editing without double-stranded breaks. Biochem J 475(11):1955–1964
Zhong Z et al (2019) Improving plant genome editing with high-fidelity xCas9 and non-canonical PAM-targeting Cas9-NG. Mol Plant. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2019.03.011
Tang X et al (2018) Single transcript unit CRISPR 2.0 systems for robust Cas9 and Cas12a mediated plant genome editing. Plant Biotechnol J. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.13068
Liu H, Ding Y, Zhou Y, Jin W, Xie K, Chen L-L (2017) CRISPR-P 2.0: an improved CRISPR-Cas9 tool for genome editing in plants. Mol Plant 10(3):530–532
Naito Y, Hino K, Bono H, Ui-Tei K (2015) CRISPRdirect: software for designing CRISPR/Cas guide RNA with reduced off-target sites. Bioinformatics 31(7):1120–1123
Murray MG, Thompson WF (1980) Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 8(19):4321–4325
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by grants to Y.Q. from NSF (IOS-1758745), USDA-NIFA (2018-33522-28789), FFAR (593603), and Syngenta Biotechnology and by grants to Y.Z. from the Sichuan Youth Science and Technology Foundation (2017JQ0005), the National Science Foundation of China (31771486), the National Transgenic Major Project (2018ZX08022001-003), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (ZYGX2016J119 and ZYGX2016J122).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Sretenovic, S., Pan, C., Tang, X., Zhang, Y., Qi, Y. (2021). Rapid Vector Construction and Assessment of BE3 and Target-AID C to T Base Editing Systems in Rice Protoplasts. In: Bandyopadhyay, A., Thilmony, R. (eds) Rice Genome Engineering and Gene Editing. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2238. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1068-8_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1068-8_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-1067-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-1068-8
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols