Abstract
A complete understanding of the dynamics and function of cytosine modifications in mammalian biology is lacking. Central to achieving this understanding is the availability of techniques that permit sensitive and specific genome-wide mapping of DNA modifications in mammalian DNA. The last decade has seen the development of a vast arsenal of novel profiling approaches enabling epigeneticists to tackle research questions that were previously out of reach. Here, we review the techniques currently available for profiling DNA modifications in mammals, discuss their strengths and weaknesses, and speculate on the future direction of DNA modification profiling technologies.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ito S, Shen L, Dai Q, Wu SC, Collins LB, Swenberg JA, He C, Zhang Y (2011) Tet proteins can convert 5-methylcytosine to 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine. Science 333(6047):1300–1303. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1210597
Kriaucionis S, Heintz N (2009) The nuclear DNA base 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is present in Purkinje neurons and the brain. Science 324(5929):929–930. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1169786
Tahiliani M, Koh KP, Shen Y, Pastor WA, Bandukwala H, Brudno Y, Agarwal S, Iyer LM, Liu DR, Aravind L, Rao A (2009) Conversion of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mammalian DNA by MLL partner TET1. Science 324(5929):930–935. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1170116
Frommer M, McDonald LE, Millar DS, Collis CM, Watt F, Grigg GW, Molloy PL, Paul CL (1992) A genomic sequencing protocol that yields a positive display of 5-methylcytosine residues in individual DNA strands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89(5):1827–1831. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.5.1827
Lister R, Pelizzola M, Dowen RH, Hawkins RD, Hon G, Tonti-Filippini J, Nery JR, Lee L, Ye Z, Ngo QM, Edsall L, Antosiewicz-Bourget J, Stewart R, Ruotti V, Millar AH, Thomson JA, Ren B, Ecker JR (2009) Human DNA methylomes at base resolution show widespread epigenomic differences. Nature 462(7271):315–322. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08514
Meissner A, Gnirke A, Bell GW, Ramsahoye B, Lander ES, Jaenisch R (2005) Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing for comparative high-resolution DNA methylation analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 33(18):5868–5877. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gki901
Guo H, Zhu P, Guo F, Li X, Wu X, Fan X, Wen L, Tang F (2015) Profiling DNA methylome landscapes of mammalian cells with single-cell reduced-representation bisulfite sequencing. Nat Protoc 10(5):645–659. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2015.039
Yu M, Hon GC, Szulwach KE, Song CX, Jin P, Ren B, He C (2012) Tet-assisted bisulfite sequencing of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Nat Protoc 7(12):2159–2170. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2012.137
Booth MJ, Ost TW, Beraldi D, Bell NM, Branco MR, Reik W, Balasubramanian S (2013) Oxidative bisulfite sequencing of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Nat Protoc 8(10):1841–1851. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2013.115
Neri F, Incarnato D, Krepelova A, Parlato C, Oliviero S (2016) Methylation-assisted bisulfite sequencing to simultaneously map 5fC and 5caC on a genome-wide scale for DNA demethylation analysis. Nat Protoc 11(7):1191–1205. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2016.063
Lu X, Song CX, Szulwach K, Wang Z, Weidenbacher P, Jin P, He C (2013) Chemical modification-assisted bisulfite sequencing (CAB-Seq) for 5-carboxylcytosine detection in DNA. J Am Chem Soc 135(25):9315–9317. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja4044856
Booth MJ, Marsico G, Bachman M, Beraldi D, Balasubramanian S (2014) Quantitative sequencing of 5-formylcytosine in DNA at single-base resolution. Nat Chem 6(5):435–440. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1893
Oda M, Glass JL, Thompson RF, Mo Y, Olivier EN, Figueroa ME, Selzer RR, Richmond TA, Zhang X, Dannenberg L, Green RD, Melnick A, Hatchwell E, Bouhassira EE, Verma A, Suzuki M, Greally JM (2009) High-resolution genome-wide cytosine methylation profiling with simultaneous copy number analysis and optimization for limited cell numbers. Nucleic Acids Res 37(12):3829–3839. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkp260
Maunakea AK, Nagarajan RP, Bilenky M, Ballinger TJ, D’Souza C, Fouse SD, Johnson BE, Hong C, Nielsen C, Zhao Y, Turecki G, Delaney A, Varhol R, Thiessen N, Shchors K, Heine VM, Rowitch DH, Xing X, Fiore C, Schillebeeckx M, Jones SJ, Haussler D, Marra MA, Hirst M, Wang T, Costello JF (2010) Conserved role of intragenic DNA methylation in regulating alternative promoters. Nature 466(7303):253–257. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09165
Sun Z, Terragni J, Borgaro JG, Liu Y, Yu L, Guan S, Wang H, Sun D, Cheng X, Zhu Z, Pradhan S, Zheng Y (2013) High-resolution enzymatic mapping of genomic 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell Rep 3(2):567–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2013.01.001
Liu Y, Siejka-Zielinska P, Velikova G, Bi Y, Yuan F, Tomkova M, Bai C, Chen L, Schuster-Bockler B, Song CX (2019) Bisulfite-free direct detection of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine at base resolution. Nat Biotechnol 37(4):424–429. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0041-2
Schutsky EK, DeNizio JE, Hu P, Liu MY, Nabel CS, Fabyanic EB, Hwang Y, Bushman FD, Wu H, Kohli RM (2018) Nondestructive, base-resolution sequencing of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine using a DNA deaminase. Nat Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.4204
Zhu C, Gao Y, Guo H, Xia B, Song J, Wu X, Zeng H, Kee K, Tang F, Yi C (2017) Single-cell 5-formylcytosine landscapes of mammalian early embryos and ESCs at single-base resolution. Cell Stem Cell 20(5):720–731 e725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2017.02.013
Xia B, Han D, Lu X, Sun Z, Zhou A, Yin Q, Zeng H, Liu M, Jiang X, Xie W, He C, Yi C (2015) Bisulfite-free, base-resolution analysis of 5-formylcytosine at the genome scale. Nat Methods 12(11):1047–1050. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3569
Simpson JT, Workman RE, Zuzarte PC, David M, Dursi LJ, Timp W (2017) Detecting DNA cytosine methylation using nanopore sequencing. Nat Methods 14(4):407–410. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4184
Rand AC, Jain M, Eizenga JM, Musselman-Brown A, Olsen HE, Akeson M, Paten B (2017) Mapping DNA methylation with high-throughput nanopore sequencing. Nat Methods 14(4):411–413. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4189
Flusberg BA, Webster DR, Lee JH, Travers KJ, Olivares EC, Clark TA, Korlach J, Turner SW (2010) Direct detection of DNA methylation during single-molecule, real-time sequencing. Nat Methods 7(6):461–465. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1459
Bibikova M, Barnes B, Tsan C, Ho V, Klotzle B, Le JM, Delano D, Zhang L, Schroth GP, Gunderson KL, Fan JB, Shen R (2011) High density DNA methylation array with single CpG site resolution. Genomics 98(4):288–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2011.07.007
Moran S, Arribas C, Esteller M (2016) Validation of a DNA methylation microarray for 850,000 CpG sites of the human genome enriched in enhancer sequences. Epigenomics 8(3):389–399. https://doi.org/10.2217/epi.15.114
Wu MC, Joubert BR, Kuan PF, Haberg SE, Nystad W, Peddada SD, London SJ (2014) A systematic assessment of normalization approaches for the Infinium 450K methylation platform. Epigenetics 9(2):318–329. https://doi.org/10.4161/epi.27119
Pastor WA, Pape UJ, Huang Y, Henderson HR, Lister R, Ko M, McLoughlin EM, Brudno Y, Mahapatra S, Kapranov P, Tahiliani M, Daley GQ, Liu XS, Ecker JR, Milos PM, Agarwal S, Rao A (2011) Genome-wide mapping of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in embryonic stem cells. Nature 473(7347):394–397. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10102
Song CX, Szulwach KE, Fu Y, Dai Q, Yi C, Li X, Li Y, Chen CH, Zhang W, Jian X, Wang J, Zhang L, Looney TJ, Zhang B, Godley LA, Hicks LM, Lahn BT, Jin P, He C (2011) Selective chemical labeling reveals the genome-wide distribution of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Nat Biotechnol 29(1):68–72. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.1732
Brinkman AB, Simmer F, Ma K, Kaan A, Zhu J, Stunnenberg HG (2010) Whole-genome DNA methylation profiling using MethylCap-seq. Methods 52(3):232–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2010.06.012
Nair SS, Coolen MW, Stirzaker C, Song JZ, Statham AL, Strbenac D, Robinson MD, Clark SJ (2011) Comparison of methyl-DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) and methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD) protein capture for genome-wide DNA methylation analysis reveal CpG sequence coverage bias. Epigenetics 6(1):34–44. https://doi.org/10.4161/epi.6.1.13313
Cui L, Chung TH, Tan D, Sun X, Jia XY (2014) JBP1-seq: a fast and efficient method for genome-wide profiling of 5hmC. Genomics 104(5):368–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2014.08.023
Weber M, Davies JJ, Wittig D, Oakeley EJ, Haase M, Lam WL, Schubeler D (2005) Chromosome-wide and promoter-specific analyses identify sites of differential DNA methylation in normal and transformed human cells. Nat Genet 37(8):853–862. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1598
Lentini A, Lagerwall C, Vikingsson S, Mjoseng HK, Douvlataniotis K, Vogt H, Green H, Meehan RR, Benson M, Nestor CE (2018) A reassessment of DNA-immunoprecipitation-based genomic profiling. Nat Methods 15(7):499–504. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-018-0038-7
Lindahl T (1993) Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA. Nature 362(6422):709–715. https://doi.org/10.1038/362709a0
Genereux DP, Johnson WC, Burden AF, Stoger R, Laird CD (2008) Errors in the bisulfite conversion of DNA: modulating inappropriate- and failed-conversion frequencies. Nucleic Acids Res 36(22):e150. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkn691
Lister R, Ecker JR (2009) Finding the fifth base: genome-wide sequencing of cytosine methylation. Genome Res 19(6):959–966. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.083451.108
Ziller MJ, Hansen KD, Meissner A, Aryee MJ (2015) Coverage recommendations for methylation analysis by whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. Nat Methods 12(3):230–232, 231 p following 232. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3152
Smith ZD, Gu H, Bock C, Gnirke A, Meissner A (2009) High-throughput bisulfite sequencing in mammalian genomes. Methods 48(3):226–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2009.05.003
Landau DA, Clement K, Ziller MJ, Boyle P, Fan J, Gu H, Stevenson K, Sougnez C, Wang L, Li S, Kotliar D, Zhang W, Ghandi M, Garraway L, Fernandes SM, Livak KJ, Gabriel S, Gnirke A, Lander ES, Brown JR, Neuberg D, Kharchenko PV, Hacohen N, Getz G, Meissner A, Wu CJ (2014) Locally disordered methylation forms the basis of intratumor methylome variation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Cell 26(6):813–825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2014.10.012
Olova N, Krueger F, Andrews S, Oxley D, Berrens RV, Branco MR, Reik W (2018) Comparison of whole-genome bisulfite sequencing library preparation strategies identifies sources of biases affecting DNA methylation data. Genome Biol 19(1):33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-018-1408-2
Krueger F, Kreck B, Franke A, Andrews SR (2012) DNA methylome analysis using short bisulfite sequencing data. Nat Methods 9(2):145–151. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1828
Xiong Z, Li M, Yang F, Ma Y, Sang J, Li R, Li Z, Zhang Z, Bao Y (2020) EWAS data hub: a resource of DNA methylation array data and metadata. Nucleic Acids Res 48(D1):D890–D895. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz840
Li M, Zou D, Li Z, Gao R, Sang J, Zhang Y, Li R, Xia L, Zhang T, Niu G, Bao Y, Zhang Z (2019) EWAS atlas: a curated knowledgebase of epigenome-wide association studies. Nucleic Acids Res 47(D1):D983–D988. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky1027
Zhou W, Laird PW, Shen H (2017) Comprehensive characterization, annotation and innovative use of Infinium DNA methylation BeadChip probes. Nucleic Acids Res 45(4):e22. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw967
Nestor C, Ruzov A, Meehan R, Dunican D (2010) Enzymatic approaches and bisulfite sequencing cannot distinguish between 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in DNA. BioTechniques 48(4):317–319. https://doi.org/10.2144/000113403
Huang Y, Pastor WA, Shen Y, Tahiliani M, Liu DR, Rao A (2010) The behaviour of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in bisulfite sequencing. PLoS One 5(1):e8888. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008888
Jin SG, Kadam S, Pfeifer GP (2010) Examination of the specificity of DNA methylation profiling techniques towards 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Nucleic Acids Res 38(11):e125. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkq223
Wu H, Zhang Y (2014) Reversing DNA methylation: mechanisms, genomics, and biological functions. Cell 156(1–2):45–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.019
Levene MJ, Korlach J, Turner SW, Foquet M, Craighead HG, Webb WW (2003) Zero-mode waveguides for single-molecule analysis at high concentrations. Science 299(5607):682–686. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1079700
Eid J, Fehr A, Gray J, Luong K, Lyle J, Otto G, Peluso P, Rank D, Baybayan P, Bettman B, Bibillo A, Bjornson K, Chaudhuri B, Christians F, Cicero R, Clark S, Dalal R, Dewinter A, Dixon J, Foquet M, Gaertner A, Hardenbol P, Heiner C, Hester K, Holden D, Kearns G, Kong X, Kuse R, Lacroix Y, Lin S, Lundquist P, Ma C, Marks P, Maxham M, Murphy D, Park I, Pham T, Phillips M, Roy J, Sebra R, Shen G, Sorenson J, Tomaney A, Travers K, Trulson M, Vieceli J, Wegener J, Wu D, Yang A, Zaccarin D, Zhao P, Zhong F, Korlach J, Turner S (2009) Real-time DNA sequencing from single polymerase molecules. Science 323(5910):133–138. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1162986
Schadt EE, Banerjee O, Fang G, Feng Z, Wong WH, Zhang X, Kislyuk A, Clark TA, Luong K, Keren-Paz A, Chess A, Kumar V, Chen-Plotkin A, Sondheimer N, Korlach J, Kasarskis A (2013) Modeling kinetic rate variation in third generation DNA sequencing data to detect putative modifications to DNA bases. Genome Res 23(1):129–141. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.136739.111
Douvlataniotis K, Bensberg M, Lentini A, Gylemo B, Nestor CE (2020) No evidence for DNA N6-methyladenine in mammals. Sci Adv 6(12):eaay3335
Zhu S, Beaulaurier J, Deikus G, Wu TP, Strahl M, Hao Z, Luo G, Gregory JA, Chess A, He C, Xiao A, Sebra R, Schadt EE, Fang G (2018) Mapping and characterizing N6-methyladenine in eukaryotic genomes using single-molecule real-time sequencing. Genome Res 28(7):1067–1078. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.231068.117
Deamer D, Akeson M, Branton D (2016) Three decades of nanopore sequencing. Nat Biotechnol 34(5):518–524. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3423
Ni P, Huang N, Zhang Z, Wang DP, Liang F, Miao Y, Xiao CL, Luo F, Wang J (2019) DeepSignal: detecting DNA methylation state from Nanopore sequencing reads using deep-learning. Bioinformatics 35(22):4586–4595. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz276
Liu Q, Fang L, Yu G, Wang D, Xiao CL, Wang K (2019) Detection of DNA base modifications by deep recurrent neural network on Oxford Nanopore sequencing data. Nat Commun 10(1):2449. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10168-2
Smallwood SA, Lee HJ, Angermueller C, Krueger F, Saadeh H, Peat J, Andrews SR, Stegle O, Reik W, Kelsey G (2014) Single-cell genome-wide bisulfite sequencing for assessing epigenetic heterogeneity. Nat Methods 11(8):817–820. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3035
Clark SJ, Argelaguet R, Kapourani CA, Stubbs TM, Lee HJ, Alda-Catalinas C, Krueger F, Sanguinetti G, Kelsey G, Marioni JC, Stegle O, Reik W (2018) scNMT-seq enables joint profiling of chromatin accessibility DNA methylation and transcription in single cells. Nat Commun 9(1):781. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03149-4
Wu X, Inoue A, Suzuki T, Zhang Y (2017) Simultaneous mapping of active DNA demethylation and sister chromatid exchange in single cells. Genes Dev 31(5):511–523. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.294843.116
Angermueller C, Clark SJ, Lee HJ, Macaulay IC, Teng MJ, Hu TX, Krueger F, Smallwood S, Ponting CP, Voet T, Kelsey G, Stegle O, Reik W (2016) Parallel single-cell sequencing links transcriptional and epigenetic heterogeneity. Nat Methods 13(3):229–232. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3728
Karemaker ID, Vermeulen M (2018) Single-cell DNA methylation profiling: technologies and biological applications. Trends Biotechnol 36(9):952–965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.04.002
Cross SH, Charlton JA, Nan X, Bird AP (1994) Purification of CpG islands using a methylated DNA binding column. Nat Genet 6(3):236–244. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng0394-236
Nan X, Meehan RR, Bird A (1993) Dissection of the methyl-CpG binding domain from the chromosomal protein MeCP2. Nucleic Acids Res 21(21):4886–4892. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/21.21.4886
Ficz G, Branco MR, Seisenberger S, Santos F, Krueger F, Hore TA, Marques CJ, Andrews S, Reik W (2011) Dynamic regulation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mouse ES cells and during differentiation. Nature 473(7347):398–402. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10008
Harris RA, Wang T, Coarfa C, Nagarajan RP, Hong C, Downey SL, Johnson BE, Fouse SD, Delaney A, Zhao Y, Olshen A, Ballinger T, Zhou X, Forsberg KJ, Gu J, Echipare L, O’Geen H, Lister R, Pelizzola M, Xi Y, Epstein CB, Bernstein BE, Hawkins RD, Ren B, Chung WY, Gu H, Bock C, Gnirke A, Zhang MQ, Haussler D, Ecker JR, Li W, Farnham PJ, Waterland RA, Meissner A, Marra MA, Hirst M, Milosavljevic A, Costello JF (2010) Comparison of sequencing-based methods to profile DNA methylation and identification of monoallelic epigenetic modifications. Nat Biotechnol 28(10):1097–1105. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.1682
Shen L, Wu H, Diep D, Yamaguchi S, D’Alessio AC, Fung HL, Zhang K, Zhang Y (2013) Genome-wide analysis reveals TET- and TDG-dependent 5-methylcytosine oxidation dynamics. Cell 153(3):692–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.04.002
Matarese F, Carrillo-de Santa Pau E, Stunnenberg HG (2011) 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine: a new kid on the epigenetic block? Mol Syst Biol 7:562. https://doi.org/10.1038/msb.2011.95
Thomson JP, Hunter JM, Nestor CE, Dunican DS, Terranova R, Moggs JG, Meehan RR (2013) Comparative analysis of affinity-based 5-hydroxymethylation enrichment techniques. Nucleic Acids Res 41(22):e206. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt1080
Skvortsova K, Zotenko E, Luu PL, Gould CM, Nair SS, Clark SJ, Stirzaker C (2017) Comprehensive evaluation of genome-wide 5-hydroxymethylcytosine profiling approaches in human DNA. Epigenetics Chromatin 10:16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13072-017-0123-7
Song CX, Szulwach KE, Dai Q, Fu Y, Mao SQ, Lin L, Street C, Li Y, Poidevin M, Wu H, Gao J, Liu P, Li L, Xu GL, Jin P, He C (2013) Genome-wide profiling of 5-formylcytosine reveals its roles in epigenetic priming. Cell 153(3):678–691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.04.001
Kidder BL, Hu G, Zhao K (2011) ChIP-Seq: technical considerations for obtaining high-quality data. Nat Immunol 12(10):918–922. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.2117
Mohn F, Weber M, Schubeler D, Roloff TC (2009) Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP). Methods Mol Biol 507:55–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-522-0_5
Taiwo O, Wilson GA, Morris T, Seisenberger S, Reik W, Pearce D, Beck S, Butcher LM (2012) Methylome analysis using MeDIP-seq with low DNA concentrations. Nat Protoc 7(4):617–636. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2012.012
Laajala TD, Raghav S, Tuomela S, Lahesmaa R, Aittokallio T, Elo LL (2009) A practical comparison of methods for detecting transcription factor binding sites in ChIP-seq experiments. BMC Genomics 10:618. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-10-618
Struthers L, Patel R, Clark J, Thomas S (1998) Direct detection of 8-oxodeoxyguanosine and 8-oxoguanine by avidin and its analogues. Anal Biochem 255(1):20–31. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1997.2354
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Lentini, A., Nestor, C.E. (2021). Mapping DNA Methylation in Mammals: The State of the Art. In: Ruzov, A., Gering, M. (eds) DNA Modifications. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2198. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0876-0_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0876-0_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-0875-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-0876-0
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols