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Potential Storage Materials

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Hydrogen Storage Materials

Part of the book series: Green Energy and Technology ((GREEN))

Abstract

This chapter presents an overview of the various materials that are currently being considered as potential solid state storage media. We concentrate on the physical and chemical properties of the materials relevant for the characterisation of their hydrogen storage properties and their practical use in storage devices, as opposed to the materials synthesis methods. The chapter looks first at microporous materials, including activated and nanostructured carbons, zeolites, organic microporous polymers and metal-organic frameworks. Secondly, we cover the alloys and intermetallic compounds that form interstitial hydrides at practical storage temperatures and hydrogen pressures. The complex hydrides, including alanates and lithium-based materials, such as LiNH2 and LiBH4, are then discussed before concluding with a look at some materials that do not fit readily into the above categories.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Hydrogen adsorption by porous materials has, however, been studied since the early twentieth century [3, 4].

  2. 2.

    The definition of the geometric volume is the volume occupied by the sample including both closed and open pores (see the definition of geometric density in Sect. 6.2.1).

  3. 3.

    176 different structure types are listed by Baelocher et al. [30].

  4. 4.

    Van den Berg et al. [36] and Vitillo et al. [32] both calculated the maximum hydrogen uptake using molecular mechanics simulations but used different convergence criteria to define when the hydrogen capacity had reached saturation. In addition, the latter study included a correction for the zero point motion of hydrogen, whereas the former did not.

  5. 5.

    Hydrogen encapsulation has been investigated by a number of authors [39–41] by loading zeolites at elevated temperatures under a hydrogen atmosphere, then cooling the sample to ambient and performing TPD up to temperatures of 673 K to desorb the encapsulated hydrogen. However, storage capacities were found to be low; for example, 0.6 wt% for Na-X at hydrogenation pressures of 13.3 kpsi (91.7 MPa) [39].

  6. 6.

    Metal-organic frameworks tend to be known by the initials assigned to them by the researchers responsible for the original synthesis. These initials do not follow any particular pattern but tend to refer to either the material type or the researchers’ institution. Examples include MOF (Metal-Organic Framework), MIL (Materials of Institute Lavoisier), IRMOF (IsoReticular Metal-Organic Framework) and UMCM (University of Michigan Crystalline Material).

  7. 7.

    Note that the majority of the data reports the hydrogen uptake at atmospheric pressure, which gives limited information with regard to the reversible capacity for storage purposes (Sect. 3.1.1), and therefore further studies at elevated pressures are required.

  8. 8.

    M′MOF 1 is Zn3(bdc)3[Cu(pyen)], where pyenH2 = 5-methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde.

  9. 9.

    The calculated values were obtained using the semi-empirical band structure model of Griessen and Driessen [94]. The discrepancy between these values and experiment most likely originates from the implicit assumption in this model that each hydrogen atom sits in the same environment, surrounded by an average number of A and B atoms, rather than on crystallographically distinct interstitial sites.

  10. 10.

    http://hydpark.ca.sandia.gov/DBFrame.html, accessed 2nd January 2010.

  11. 11.

    Results had been presented at symposia 4 to 5 years prior to the report published in 1974 [105].

  12. 12.

    AlH3 is an example of a kinetically stabilised hydrogen storage material [114, 116], which are hydrides that have high equilibrium hydrogen pressures at ambient temperature but do not desorb appreciable amounts of hydrogen at this temperature due to kinetic limitations.

  13. 13.

    A theoretical capacity of 11.5 wt% is occasionally quoted but this value, depending on the definition of hydrogen capacity, is an error from the original Chen et al. [165] paper that has since appeared in other reports [179].

  14. 14.

    Ultralow density, emulsion-templated polymerized High Internal Phase Emulsion (polyHIPE) material.

  15. 15.

    Lightly crosslinked poly(acrylic acid) sodium salt (PSA).

  16. 16.

    1-alkyl(aryl)-3-methylimidazolium N-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) salt.

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Broom, D.P. (2011). Potential Storage Materials. In: Hydrogen Storage Materials. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-221-6_2

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