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Multimodal Imaging and Theranostic Application of Disease-Directed Agents

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Personalized Medicine with a Nanochemistry Twist

Part of the book series: Topics in Medicinal Chemistry ((TMC,volume 20))

Abstract

Contrast agents have long helped researchers and physicians alike delineate boundaries, but new diagnostic information is always sought after. A new field of molecularly targeted CT agents hopes to fill this void and supply physicians with prognostic information to find better treatments for patients. Borrowing from drug delivery and design, nanoparticles and similar platforms are being explored to help visualize complex biologic processes with never before seen resolution and fidelity. We discuss the development of this field and feasibility of translating some of these prospects to the clinic. Advances in chemistry, molecular biology, and engineering have molded this field emphasizing the early detection and treatment of diseases at the molecular and cellular level. Myriads of nanomedicine platforms have been proposed and developed and tested in laboratories and in preclinical models. However, very few have been translated to clinical trials. It is therefore a critical issue to recognize the factors affecting their eventual application in human. Better understanding of biological and biophysical obstacles encountered by these agents is necessary. Toward this aim, we critically review our present understanding of the biological obstacles encountered by the nano-agents, which we hope will motivate more studies to tune these technologies for future translational and clinical applications.

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Abbreviations

BBB:

Blood-brain barrier

BLM:

Bilayer lipid membrane

DCS:

Differential centrifugal sedimentation

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

ENM:

Engineered nanomaterial

EPR:

Enhanced permeability retention

HIFU:

High-intensity focused ultrasound

i.v.:

Intravenous

koff :

Dissociation rate constant

MPS:

Mononuclear phagocyte system

MS:

Mass spectrometry

NIPAM:

N-Isopropylacrylamide

NLS:

Nuclear localization signal

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

NP:

Nanoparticle(s)

PC:

Protein corona

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

PS:

Polystyrene

QCM:

Quartz-crystal microbalance

RES:

Reticuloendothelial system

SWCNT:

Single-walled carbon nanotubes

Tf:

Transferrin

TfR:

Transferrin receptor

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA

    Joseph Caffarini, Nathan Kelleher, Christian C. Konopka, Madeline Mazurek, Anuradha Nandyala, Dwani Patel, Stephanie Slania, Sheryl Wang & Ravi Chandra Yada

  2. Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA

    Dipanjan Pan

  3. Beckman Institute for Science and Technology, Urbana, IL, USA

    Dipanjan Pan

  4. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA

    Dipanjan Pan

  5. Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA

    Dipanjan Pan

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  1. Joseph Caffarini
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  2. Nathan Kelleher
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  3. Christian C. Konopka
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  4. Madeline Mazurek
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  5. Anuradha Nandyala
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  6. Dwani Patel
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  7. Stephanie Slania
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  8. Sheryl Wang
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  9. Ravi Chandra Yada
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  10. Dipanjan Pan
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Correspondence to Dipanjan Pan .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champain, Urbana, Illinois, USA

    Dipanjan Pan

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Caffarini, J. et al. (2015). Multimodal Imaging and Theranostic Application of Disease-Directed Agents. In: Pan, D. (eds) Personalized Medicine with a Nanochemistry Twist. Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, vol 20. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/7355_2015_91

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