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Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Sites: Eco-environmental Concerns, Field Studies, Sustainability Issues, and Future Prospects

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Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 249

Part of the book series: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ((RECT,volume 249))

Abstract

Environmental contamination due to heavy metals (HMs) is of serious ecotoxicological concern worldwide because of their increasing use at industries. Due to non-biodegradable and persistent nature, HMs cause serious soil/water pollution and severe health hazards in living beings upon exposure. HMs can be genotoxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic in nature even at low concentration. They may also act as endocrine disruptors and induce developmental as well as neurological disorders, and thus, their removal from our natural environment is crucial for the rehabilitation of contaminated sites. To cope with HM pollution, phytoremediation has emerged as a low-cost and eco-sustainable solution to conventional physicochemical cleanup methods that require high capital investment and labor alter soil properties and disturb soil microflora. Phytoremediation is a green technology wherein plants and associated microbes are used to remediate HM-contaminated sites to safeguard the environment and protect public health. Hence, in view of the above, the present paper aims to examine the feasibility of phytoremediation as a sustainable remediation technology for the management of metal-contaminated sites. Therefore, this paper provides an in-depth review on both the conventional and novel phytoremediation approaches; evaluates their efficacy to remove toxic metals from our natural environment; explores current scientific progresses, field experiences, and sustainability issues; and revises world over trends in phytoremediation research for its wider recognition and public acceptance as a sustainable remediation technology for the management of contaminated sites in the twenty-first century.

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Abbreviations

ABC:

ATP-binding cassettes

ACC:

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase

Ag:

Silver

AMF:

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

As:

Arsenic

ATSDR:

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

BCF:

Bioconcentration factor

CA:

Citric acid

CAXs:

Cation exchangers

Cd:

Cadmium

CDF:

Cation diffusion facilitators

Co:

Cobalt

COPTs:

Copper transporters

Cr:

Chromium

Cu:

Copper

CWs:

Constructed wetlands

DDT:

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

DIM:

Daily intake of metal

DTPA:

Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid

DW:

Dry weight

EDDHA:

Ethylenediamine-di(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid)

EDDS:

Ethylenediamine-N,N′-disuccinic acid

EDTA:

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

EGTA:

Ethyleneglycolbis(b-aminoethyl ether),N,N,N0,N-tetraacetic acid

EKF:

Electrokinetic field

ETCs:

Evapotranspiration caps

EU:

European Union

Fe:

Iron

GEPs:

Genetically engineered plants

GSH:

Glutathione

HDL:

High-density lipoprotein

HEDTA:

N-Hydroxyethylenediaminetriacetic acid

Hg:

Mercury

HMA:

Heavy-metal ATPase

HMs:

Heavy metals

IAA:

Indole acetic acid

IARC:

International Agency for Research on Cancer

LCA:

Life cycle assessment

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein

MFC:

Microbial fuel cell

MTPs:

Membrane transporter proteins

MTs:

Metallothioneins

Ni:

Nickel

NTA:

Nitrilotriacetic acid

PAHs:

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons

Pb:

Lead

PCBs:

Polychlorinated biphenyl

PCs:

Phytochelatins

PGPR:

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria

PMFC:

Plant-microbial fuel cell

PMIs:

Plant-microbe interactions

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SBMs:

Soil beneficial microorganisms

TCE:

Trichloroethylene

TF:

Translocation factor

US EPA:

US Environmental Protection Agency

WHO:

World Health Organization

ZIP:

Zinc-iron permease

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Acknowledgments

The financial support as “Major Research Projects” (Grant No.: EEQ/2017/000407) from the “Science and Engineering Research Board” (SERB), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India (GOI), New Delhi, India, and University Grants Commission (UGC) Fellowship received by Mr. Gaurav Saxena for doctoral studies is duly acknowledged. Authors are also extremely thankful to the anonymous reviewers for valuable comments/suggestions for improvement in the review article.

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Authors have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory for Bioremediation and Metagenomics Research (LBMR), Department of Environmental Microbiology (DEM), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Gaurav Saxena & Ram Naresh Bharagava

  2. Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, UK

    Diane Purchase

  3. CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China

    Sikandar I. Mulla

  4. Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea

    Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale

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  1. Gaurav Saxena
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  2. Diane Purchase
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  3. Sikandar I. Mulla
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  4. Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale
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  5. Ram Naresh Bharagava
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ram Naresh Bharagava .

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  1. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Pim de Voogt

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Saxena, G., Purchase, D., Mulla, S.I., Saratale, G.D., Bharagava, R.N. (2019). Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Sites: Eco-environmental Concerns, Field Studies, Sustainability Issues, and Future Prospects. In: de Voogt, P. (eds) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 249. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 249. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/398_2019_24

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