Abstract
The location, identity and functional properties of the primary molecular components of the NO/cGMP pathway have now been well-characterised. These components are widespread, but not ubiquitous, across the brain, and the downstream effects of activation of this pathway are diverse and often incompletely understood. It is now important to consider the identity of these later stages of the transduction pathway and the way in which different dynamic patterns of NO and cGMP signalling induce such a variety of change in the long- and short-term function of neuronal circuitry. Future studies need to concentrate on the effects of endogenously-released NO and on the application of concentrations of exogenous NO that are physiologically relevant, in order to dissect out the downstream targets of NO signalling that relate to normal function.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
8. References
Abu-Soud, H. M., and Hazen, S. L., 2000, Nitric oxide is a physiological substrate for mammalian peroxidases, J. Biol. Chem. 275: 37524.
Alderton, W. K., Cooper, C. E., and Knowles, R. G., 2001, Nitric oxide synthases: structure, function and inhibition, Biochem. J. 357: 593.
Arancio, O., et al., 2001, Presynaptic role of cGMP-dependent protein kinase during long-lasting potentiation, J. Neurosci. 21: 143.
Arancio, O., et al., 1996, Nitric oxide acts directly in the presynaptic neuron to produce long-term potentiation in cultured hippocampal neurons, Cell. 87: 1025.
Ariano, M. A., et al., 1982, Immunohistochemical localization of guanylate cyclase within neurons of rat brain, PNAS USA 79: 1316.
Arnhold, S., et al., 2002, NOS-II is involved in early differentiation of murine cortical, retinal and ES cell-derived neurons-an immunocytochemical and functional approach, Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 20: 83.
Bains, J. S., and Ferguson, A. V., 1997, Nitric oxide depolarizes type II paraventricular nucleus neurons in vitro, Neuroscience 79: 149.
Beavo, J. A., 1995, Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases: functional implications of multiple isoforms, Physiol. Rev. 75: 725.
Bellamy, T. C., and Garthwaite, J., 2001a, “cAMP-specific” phosphodiesterase contributes to cGMP degradation in cerebellar cells exposed to nitric oxide, Mol. Pharmacol. 59: 54.
Bellamy, T. C., and Garthwaite, J., 2001b, Sub-second kinetics of the nitric oxide receptor, soluble guanylyl cyclase, in intact cerebellar cells, J. Biol. Chem. 276: 4287.
Bellamy, T. C., Griffiths, C., and Garthwaite, J., 2002, Differential sensitivity of guanylyl cyclase and mitochondrial respiration to nitric oxide measured using clamped concentrations, J. Biol. Chem. 277: 31801.
Bellamy, T. C., et al., 2000, Rapid desensitization of the nitric oxide receptor, soluble guanylyl cyclase, underlies diversity of cellular cGMP responses, PNAS USA 97: 2928.
Bicker, G., 2001, Sources and targets of nitric oxide signalling in insect nervous systems, Cell Tissue Res. 303: 137.
Bielefeldt, K., et al., 1999, Nitric oxide enhances slow inactivation of voltage-dependent sodium currents in rat nodose neurons, Neurosci. Lett. 271: 159.
Blackshaw, S., et al., 2003, Species, strain and developmental variations in hippocampal neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthase clarify discrepancies in nitric oxide-dependent synaptic plasticity, Neuroscience 119: 979.
Bon, C. L., and Garthwaite, J., 2003, On the role of nitric oxide in hippocampal long-term potentiation, J. Neurosci. 23: 1941.
Bradley, J., et al., 1997, Functional expression of the heteromeric “olfactory” cyclic nucleotide-gated channel in the hippocampus: a potential effector of synaptic plasticity in brain neurons, J. Neurosci. 17: 1993.
Brenman, J. E., et al., 1996, Interaction of nitric oxide synthase with the postsynaptic density protein PSD-95 and alpha 1-syntrophin mediated by PDZ domains, Cell 84: 757.
Broillet, M., Randin, O., and Chatton, J., 2001, Photoactivation and calcium sensitivity of the fluorescent NO indicator 4,5-diaminofluorescein (DAF-2): implications for cellular NO imaging, FEBS Lett. 491: 227.
Brown, L. A., Key, B. J., and Lovick, T. A., 1999, Bio-imaging of nitric oxide-producing neurones in slices of rat brain using 4,5-diaminofluorescein, J. Neurosci. Meth. 92: 101.
Burette, A., et al., 2002, Synaptic localization of nitric oxide synthase and soluble guanylyl cyclase in the hippocampus, J. Neurosci. 22: 8961.
Campello-Costa, P., et al., 2000, Acute blockade of nitric oxide synthesis induces disorganization and amplifies lesion-induced plasticity in the rat retinotectal projection, J. Neurobiol. 44: 371.
Casado, M., Isope, P., and Ascher, P., 2002, Involvement of presynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in cerebellar long-term depression, Neuron 33: 123.
Cheng, A. W., et al., 2003, Nitric oxide acts in a positive feedback loop with BDNF to regulate neural progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in the mammalian brain, Dev. Biol. 258: 319.
Chien, W. L., et al., 2003, Enhancement of long-term potentiation by a potent nitric oxide-guanylyl cyclase activator, 3-(5-hydroxymethyl-2-furyl)-l-benzyl-indazole, Mol. Pharmacol. 63: 1322.
Christopherson, K. S., et al., 1999, PSD-95 assembles a ternary complex with the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor and a bivalent neuronal NO synthase PDZ domain, J. Biol. Chem. 274: 27467.
Clementi, E., and Meldolesi, J., 1997, The cross-talk between nitric oxide and Ca2+: a story with a complex past and a promising future, Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 18: 266.
Coffey, M. J., et al., 2001, Catalytic consumption of nitric oxide by 12/15-lipoxygenase: inhibition of monocyte soluble guanylate cyclase activation, PNAS USA 98: 8006.
Contestabile, A., 2000, Roles of NMDA receptor activity and nitric oxide production in brain development, Brain Res. Rev. 32: 476.
Cudeiro, J., and Rivadulla, C., 1999, Sight and insight—on the physiological role of nitric oxide in the visual system, Trends Neurosci. 22: 109.
Cuttle, M. F., et al., 2001, Modulation of a presynaptic hyperpolarization-activated cationic current (I(h)) at an excitatory synaptic terminal in the rat auditory brainstem, J. Physiol. 534: 733.
de Vente, J., et al., 2001, Localization of cGMP-dependent protein kinase type II in rat brain, Neuroscience 108(1), 27–49.
de Vente, J., et al., 1998, Distribution of nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide-receptive, cyclic GMP-producing structures in the rat brain, Neuroscience 87: 207.
Detre, J. A., et al., 1984, Localization in mammalian brain of G-substrate, a specific substrate for guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase, J. Neurosci. 4: 2843.
Doreulee, N., et al., 2001, Defective hippocampal mossy fiber long-term potentiation in endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout mice, Synapse 41: 191.
El Husseini, A. E., et al., 1999, Localization of the cGMP-dependent protein kinases in relation to nitric oxide synthase in the brain, J. Chem. Neuroanat. 17: 45.
Eliasson, M. J., et al, 1997, Neuronal nitric oxide synthase alternatively spliced forms: prominent functional localizations in the brain, PNAS USA 94: 3396.
Endo, S., et al., 1999, Molecular identification of human G-substrate, a possible downstream component of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase cascade in cerebellar Purkinje cells, PNAS USA 96: 2467.
Fawcett, L., et al., 2000, Molecular cloning and characterization of a distinct human phosphodiesterase gene family: PDE11A, PNAS USA 97: 3702.
Franz, O., et al., 2000, Single-cell mRNA expression of HCN1 correlates with a fast gating phenotype of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (Ih) in central neurons, Eur. J. Neurosci. 12: 2685.
Gallo, G., et al., 2002, Transient PKA activity is required for initiation but not maintenance of BDNF-mediated protection from nitric oxide-induced growth-cone collapse, J. Neurosci. 22: 5016.
Garthwaite, J., 2000, The physiological roles of nitric oxide in the central nervous system, Nitric Oxide 143: 259.
Garthwaite, J., and Boulton, C. L., 1995, Nitric oxide signaling in the central nervous system, Annu. Rev. Physiol. 57: 683.
Gibb, B. J., and Garthwaite, J., 2001, Subunits of the nitric oxide receptor, soluble guanylyl cyclase, expressed in rat brain, Eur. J. Neurosci. 13: 539.
Gibb, B. J., Wykes, V., and Garthwaite, J., 2003, Properties of NO-activated guanylyl cyclases expressed in cells, Br. J. Pharmacol. 139: 1032.
Griffiths, C., and Garthwaite, J., 2001, The shaping of nitric oxide signals by a cellular sink, J. Physiol. 536: 855.
Haug, L. S., et al., 1999, Phosphorylation of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor by cyclic nucleotide-dependent kinases in vitro and in rat cerebellar slices in situ, J. Biol. Chem. 274: 7467.
He, Y., Yu, W., and Baas, P. W., 2002, Microtubule reconfiguration during axonal retraction induced by nitric oxide, J. Neurosci. 22: 5982.
Hobbs, A. J., 1997, Soluble guanylate cyclase: the forgotten sibling, Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 18: 484.
Hofmann, F., Ammendola, A., and Schlossmann, J., 2000, Rising behind NO: cGMP-dependent protein kinases, J. Cell Sci. 113: 1671.
Holscher, C., 1997, Nitric oxide, the enigmatic neuronal messenger: its role in synaptic plasticity, Trends Neurosci. 20: 298.
Honda, A., et al., 2001, Spatiotemporal dynamics of guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate revealed by a genetically encoded, fluorescent indicator, PNAS USA 98: 2437.
Huang, C. C., Chan, S. H., and Hsu, K. S., 2003, cGMP/protein kinase G-dependent potentiation of glutamatergic transmission induced by nitric oxide in immature rat rostral ventrolateral medulla neurons in vitro, Mol. Pharmacol. 64: 521.
Huang, C. C., and Hsu, K. S., 2003, Reexamination of the role of hyperpolarization-activated cation channels in short-and long-term plasticity at hippocampal mossy fiber synapses, Neuropharmacology 44: 968.
Huang, P. L., et al., 1993, Targeted disruption of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene, Cell 75: 1273.
Ingram, S. L., and Williams, J. T., 1996, Modulation of the hyperpolarization-activated current (Ih) by cyclic nucleotides in guinea-pig primary afferent neurons, J. Physiol. 492: 97.
Ito, M., 2001, Cerebellar long-term depression: characterization, signal transduction, and functional roles, Physiol. Rev. 81: 1143.
Jacoby, S., Sims, R. E., and Hartell, N. A., 2001, Nitric oxide is required for the induction and heterosynaptic spread of long-term potentiation in rat cerebellar slices, J. Physiol. 535: 825.
Kantor, D. B., et al., 1996, A role for endothelial NO synthase in LTP revealed by adenovirus-mediated inhibition and rescue, Science. 274: 1744.
Kaupp, U. B., and Seifert, R., 2002, Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels, Physiol. Rev. 82: 769.
Kingston, P. A., Zufall, F., and Barnstable, C. J., 1996, Rat hippocampal neurons express genes for both rod retinal and olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated channels: novel targets for cAMP/cGMP function, PNAS USA 93: 10440.
Kingston, P. A., Zufall, F., and Barnstable, C. J., 1999, Widespread expression of olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated channel genes in rat brain: implications for neuronal signalling, Synapse 32: 1.
Kiss, J. P., 2000, Role of nitric oxide in the regulation of monoaminergic neurotransmission, Brain Res. Bull. 52: 459.
Kleppisch, T., et al., 2003, Hippocampal cGMP-dependent protein kinase I supports an age-and protein synthesis-dependent component of long-term potentiation but is not essential for spatial reference and contextual memory, J. Neurosci. 23: 6005.
Kloss, S., Furneaux, H., and Mulsch, A., 2003, Post-transcriptional regulation of soluble guanylyl cyclase expression in rat aorta, J. Biol. Chem. 278: 2377.
Klyachko, V. A., Ahern, G. P., and Jackson, M. B., 2001, cGMP-mediated facilitation in nerve terminals by enhancement of the spike afterhyperpolarization, Neuron 31: 1015.
Koesling, D., 1999, Studying the structure and regulation of soluble guanylyl cyclase, Methods 19: 485.
Kojima, H., et al., 1998, Direct evidence of NO production in rat hippocampus and cortex using a new fluorescent indicator: DAF-2 DA, Neuroreport 9: 3345.
Kornau, H. C., et al., 1995, Domain interaction between NMDA receptor subunits and the postsynaptic density protein PSD-95, Science 269: 1737.
Krekelberg, B., and Taylor, J. G., 1996, Nitric oxide in cortical map formation, J. Chem. Neuroanat. 10: 191.
Kuzmiski, J. B., and MacVicar, B. A., 2001, Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels contribute to the cholinergic plateau potential in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, J. Neurosci. 21: 8707.
Launey, T., et al., 2004, Protein phosphatase 2A inhibition induces cerebellar long-term depression and declustering of synaptic AMPA receptor, PNAS USA 101: 676.
Leamey, C. A., Ho-Pao, C. L., and Sur, M., 2001, Disruption of retinogeniculate pattern formation by inhibition of soluble guanylyl cyclase, J. Neurosci. 21: 3871.
Lev-Ram, V., et al., 1997, Synergies and coincidence requirements between NO, cGMP and Ca2+ in the induction of cerebellar long-term depression, Neuron 18: 1025.
Lev-Ram, V., et al., 2003, Reversing cerebellar long-term depression, PNAS USA 100: 15989.
Lev-Ram, V., et al., 2002, A new form of cerebellar long-term potentiation is postsynaptic and depends on nitric oxide but not cAMP, PNAS USA 99: 8389.
Li, D. P., Chen, S. R., and Pan, H. L., 2002, Nitric oxide inhibits spinally projecting paraventricular neurons through potentiation of presynaptic GABA release, J. Neurophysiol. 88: 2664.
Lohmann, S. M., et al., 1997, Distinct and specific functions of cGMP-dependent protein kinases, Trends Biochem. Sci. 22: 307.
Lu, Y. F., and Hawkins, R. D., 2002, Ryanodine receptors contribute to cGMP-induced late-phase LTP and CREB phosphorylation in the hippocampus, J. Neurophysiol. 88: 1270.
Lucas, K. A., et al., 2000, Guanylyl cyclases and signaling by cyclic GMP, Pharmacol. Rev. 52: 375.
Maffei, A., et al., 2003, NO enhances presynaptic currents during cerebellar mossy fiber-granule cell LTP, J. Neurophysiol. 90: 2478.
Malinski, T., et al., 1993, Diffusion of nitric oxide in the aorta wall monitored in situ by porphyrinic microsensors, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 193: 1076.
Martinez, S. E., Beavo, J. A., and Hol, W. G., 2002, GAF Domains: Two-Billion-Year-Old Molecular Switches that Bind Cyclic Nucleotides, Mol. Intervent. 2: 317.
Matyash, V., et al., 2001, Nitric oxide signals parallel fiber activity to Bergmann glial cells in the mouse cerebellar slice, Mol. Cell Neurosci. 18: 664.
Micheva, K. D., et al., 2003, Retrograde regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis and recycling, Nat. Neurosci. 6: 925.
Moncada, S., Palmer, R. M., and Higgs, E. A., 1991, Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology, Pharmacol. Rev. 43: 109.
Moreno-Lopez, B., et al., 2004, Nitric oxide is a physiological inhibitor of neurogenesis in the adult mouse subventricular zone and olfactory bulb, J. Neurosci. 24: 85.
Mullershausen, F., et al., 2003, Direct activation of PDE5 by cGMP: long-term effects within NO/cGMP signaling, J. Cell Biol. 160: 719.
Nelson, R. J., et al., 1997, Effects of nitric oxide on neuroendocrine function and behavior, Front. Neuroendocrinol. 18: 463.
Nikonenko, I., Jourdain, P., and Muller, D., 2003, Presynaptic remodeling contributes to activity-dependent synaptogenesis, J. Neurosci. 23: 8498.
O’Donnell, V. B., et al., 1999, 15-Lipoxygenase catalytically consumes nitric oxide and impairs activation of guanylate cyclase, J. Biol. Chem. 274: 20083.
Packer, M. A., et al., 2003, Nitric oxide negatively regulates mammalian adult neurogenesis, PNAS USA 100: 9566.
Pape, H. C., and Mager, R., 1992, Nitric oxide controls oscillatory activity in thalamocortical neurons, Neuron 9:441.
Paton, J. F., Kasparov, S., and Paterson, D. J., 2002, Nitric oxide and autonomic control of heart rate: a question of specificity, Trends Neurosci. 25: 626.
Polleux, F., Morrow, T., and Ghosh, A., 2000, Semaphorin 3A is a chemoattractant for cortical apical dendrites, Nature 404: 567.
Prast, H., and Philippu, A., 2001, Nitric oxide as modulator of neuronal function, Prog. Neurobiol. 64: 51.
Reyes-Harde, M., et al., 1999, Induction of hippocampal LTD requires nitric-oxide-stimulated PKG activity and Ca2+ release from cyclic ADP-ribose-sensitive stores, J. Neurophysiol. 82: 1569.
Reynolds, T., and Hartell, N. A., 2000, An evaluation of the synapse specificity of long-term depression induced in rat cerebellar slices, J. Physiol. 527: 563.
Reynolds, T., and Hartell, N. A., 2001, Roles for nitric oxide and arachidonic acid in the induction of heterosynaptic cerebellar LTD, Neuroreport. 12: 133.
Robinson, R. B., and Siegelbaum, S. A., 2003, Hyperpolarization-activated cation currents: from molecules to physiological function, Annu. Rev. Physiol. 65: 453.
Roychowdhury, S., et al., 2002, Oxidative stress in glial cultures: detection by DAF-2 fluorescence used as a tool to measure peroxynitrite rather than nitric oxide, Glia 38: 103.
Russwurm, M., Wittau, N., and Koesling, D., 2001, Guanylyl cyclase/PSD-95 interaction: targeting of the nitric oxide-sensitive alpha2betal guanylyl cyclase to synaptic membranes, J. Biol. Chem. 276: 44647.
Santoro, B., et al., 2000, Molecular and functional heterogeneity of hyperpolarization-activated pacemaker channels in the mouse CNS, J. Neurosci. 20: 5264.
Sattler, R., et al., 1999, Specific coupling of NMDA receptor activation to nitric oxide neurotoxicity by PSD-95 protein, Science 284: 1845.
Savchenko, A., Bames, S., and Kramer, R. H., 1997, Cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels mediate synaptic feedback by nitric oxide, Nature 390: 694.
Schmidt, H., et al., 2002, cGMP-mediated signaling via cGKIalpha is required for the guidance and connectivity of sensory axons, J. Cell Biol. 159: 489.
Schuman, E. M., and Madison, D. V., 1991, A requirement for the intercellular messenger nitric oxide in longterm potentiation, Science 254: 1503.
Schuman, E. M., and Madison, D. V., 1994, Locally distributed synaptic potentiation in the hippocampus, Science 263: 532.
Shaw, P. J., Charles, S. L., and Salt, T. E., 1999, Actions of 8-bromo-cyclic-GMP on neurones in the rat thalamus in vivo and in vitro, Brain Res. 833: 272.
Shibuki, K., and Kimura, S., 1997, Dynamic properties of nitric oxide release from parallel fibres in rat cerebellar slices, J. Physiol. 498: 443.
Smith, S. L., and Otis, T. S., 2003, Persistent changes in spontaneous firing of Purkinje neurons triggered by the nitric oxide signaling cascade, J. Neurosci. 23: 367.
Soderling, S. H., and Beavo, J. A., 2000, Regulation of cAMP and cGMP signaling: new phosphodiesterases and new functions, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 12: 174.
Son, H., et al., 1996, Long-term potentiation is reduced in mice that are doubly mutant in endothelial and neuronal nitric oxide synthase, Cell 87: 1015.
Southam, E., and Garthwaite, J., 1993, The nitric oxide-cyclic GMP signalling pathway in rat brain, Neuropharmacology 32: 1267.
Stanton, P. K., et al., 2003, Long-term depression of presynaptic release from the readily releasable vesicle pool induced by NMDA receptor-dependent retrograde nitric oxide, J. Neurosci. 23: 5936.
Stefano, G. B., and Ottaviani, E., 2002, The biochemical substrate of nitric oxide signaling is present in primitive non-cognitive organisms, Brain Res. 924: 82.
Steinbach, K., Volkmer, H., and Schlosshauer, B., 2002, Semaphorin 3E/collapsin-5 inhibits growing retinal axons, Exp. Cell Res. 279: 52.
Stern, J. E., Li, Y., and Zhang, W., 2003, Nitric oxide: a local signalling molecule controlling the activity of pre-autonomic neurones in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, Acta Physiol. Scand. 177: 37.
Thomas, M. K., Francis, S. H., and Corbin, J. D., 1990, Substrate-and kinase-directed regulation of phosphorylation of a cGMP-binding phosphodiesterase by cGMP, J. Biol. Chem. 265: 14971.
Tsou, K., Snyder, G. L., and Greengard, P., 1993, Nitric oxide/cGMP pathway stimulates phosphorylation of DARPP-32, a dopamine-and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, in the substantia nigra, PNAS USA 90: 3462.
Vincent, S. R., and Kimura, H., 1992, Histochemical mapping of nitric oxide synthase in the rat brain, Neuroscience 46: 755.
Wakatsuki, H., et al., 1998, Layer-specific NO dependence of long-term potentiation and biased NO release in layer V in the rat auditory cortex, J. Physiol. 513: 71.
Wall, M. J., 2003, Endogenous nitric oxide modulates GABAergic transmission to granule cells in adult rat cerebellum, Eur. J. Neurosci. 18: 869.
Wang, X., and Robinson, P. J., 1995, Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase substrates in rat brain, J. Neurochem. 65: 595.
Wexler, E. M., Stanton, P. K., and Nawy, S., 1998, Nitric oxide depresses GABAA receptor function via coactivation of cGMP-dependent kinase and phosphodiesterase, J. Neurosci. 18: 2342.
Wood, J., and Garthwaite, J., 1994, Models of the diffusional spread of nitric oxide: implications for neural nitric oxide signalling and its pharmacological properties, Neuropharmacology 33: 1235.
Wu, H. H., et al., 2000, Refinement of the ipsilateral retinocollicular projection is disrupted in double endothelial and neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene knockout mice, Dev. Brain Res. 120: 105.
Wu, H. H., et al., 2001, The role of nitric oxide in development of topographic precision in the retinotectal projection of chick, J. Neurosci. 21: 4318.
Wykes, V., Bellamy, T. C., and Garthwaite, J., 2002, Kinetics of nitric oxide-cyclic GMP signalling in CNS cells and its possible regulation by cyclic GMP, J. Neurochem. 83: 37.
Yamazaki, M., et al., 2001, Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade through nitric oxide synthesis as a mechanism of neuritogenic effect of genipin in PC12h cells, J. Neurochem. 79: 45.
Yang, G., and Iadecola, C., 1998, Activation of cerebellar climbing fibers increases cerebellar blood flow: role of glutamate receptors, nitric oxide, and cGMP, Stroke 29: 499.
Zabel, U., et al., 2002, Calcium-dependent membrane association sensitizes soluble guanylyl cyclase to nitric oxide, Nat. Cell Biol. 4: 307.
Zagotta, W. N., et al., 2003, Structural basis for modulation and agonist specificity of HCN pacemaker channels, Nature 425: 200.
Zhang, X., et al., 2002, Interfering with nitric oxide measurements. 4,5-diaminofluorescein reacts with dehydroascorbic acid and ascorbic acid, J. Biol. Chem. 277: 48472.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer Science+Business Media Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hall, C.N., Garthwaite, J. (2005). Trans-Synaptic Signalling by Nitric Oxide. In: Ludwig, M. (eds) Dendritic Neurotransmitter Release. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-23696-1_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-23696-1_19
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-22933-1
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-23696-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)