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Associational Culture in Pre-Communist Bulgaria: Considerations for Civil Society and Social Capital

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Abstract

European ex-Communist countries have been widely considered to possess little associational life. The main explanation for this observation has been the lack of organizational vivacity in the past, either during the Communist regime or before it. More recently, however, some researchers, and especially those involved with area studies, have warned such a conclusion might be hasty and incorrect. The associational history of Bulgaria—a case that has not been much studied until now—provides additional support in favor of the argument that pre-Communist associational life in the region has been abundant. The evidence provided in this paper comes from an original compilation of more than 100 organizations classified according to contemporary standards and from narratives on the most popular and populous organizations in the country since the nineteenth century.

Résumé

Les pays européens ex-communistes ont largement été considérés comme ayant une vie associative faible. La principale explication de cette observation a été le manque de vivacité organisationnelle dans le passé, soit durant le régime communiste ou avant. Plus récemment, cependant, certains chercheurs et tout spécialement ceux impliqués avec les études de domaines, ont indiqué que de telles conclusions pourraient bien être hâtives et erronées. L’histoire des associations en Bulgarie—un cas qui n’a pas été très étudié jusqu’à présent—fournit des preuves supplémentaires en faveur de l’argument que la vie associative qui a précédé le communisme dans la région fut abondante. La preuve exposée dans cet article provient d’une compilation originale de plus de 100 organisations classifiées selon les standards contemporains et les discours tenus par les organisations les plus populaires et les plus nombreuses dans le pays depuis le XIXe siècle.

Zusammenfassung

Weitverbreitet wird angenommen, dass ehemalige kommunistische Länder Europas wenig Vereinsleben besitzen. Als Ursache dafür wurde fehlende organisatorische Spritzigkeit in der Vergangenheit, entweder unter oder vor dem kommunistischen Regime, gesehen. Allerdings haben in jüngster Zeit einige Forscher, inbesondere diejenigen, die in Studien auf diesem Gebiet involviert sind, gewarnt, dass solche eine Schlussfolgerung voreilig und falsch sein könnte. Die Vereinsgeschichte Bulgariens—ein Fall, der bisher wenig untersucht wurde—gibt dem Argument, dass es ein reichhaltiges vor-kommunistisches Vereinsleben in der Region gab, zusätzliche Unterstützung. Die in diesem Artikel vorgelegten Beweise stammen aus einer Originalsammlung von mehr als 100 Organisationen, die nach heutigen Normen klassifiziert sind, und aus Erzählungen über die populärsten und mitgliederstärksten Organisationen, die seit dem 19. Jahrhundert im Land sind.

Resumen

Siempre se ha pensado que los países europeos ex-comunistas poseen pobre vida asociativa. La principal explicación de ello ha sido la falta de vivacidad organizativa en el pasado, ya sea durante el régimen comunista o antes. No obstante, hace poco, algunos investigadores y sobre todo los que participaron en estudios de áreas, han advertido de que esta conclusión podría ser precipitada e incorrecta. La historia asociativa de Bulgaria (un caso que hasta ahora no se ha estudiado mucho) ofrece un apoyo adicional a favor del argumento de que la vida asociativa pre-comunista en la región ha sido abundante. La evidencia incluida en este trabajo procede de una recopilación original de más de 100 organizaciones clasificadas según los estándares contemporáneos y según las narrativas sobre las organizaciones más populares y más numerosas del país desde el siglo diecinueve.

摘要

欧洲的前共产主义国家被普遍认为缺乏社团生活。对这一论点的主要解释是其过去缺乏组织活力,不论是在共产主义时期还是在此之前。但是,近来有研究人员,尤其是从事区域研究的人员警告称,这一结论可能是草率而不准确的。保加利亚的社团历史(该课题最近才被大量研究),为该地区在前共产主义时期一直有丰富的社团生活这一观点提供了更多支持。本文提供的证据源自根据当代标准分类的 100 余个组织的原始记录,同时也源于对该国自 19 世纪以来最受欢迎和人数最多的组织的记述。

ملخص

البلدان الأوروبية التي كانت في السابق شيوعية قد تم إعتبارها على نطاق واسع على إنها تمتلك القليل من الحياة الترابطية. التفسير الرئيسي لهذه الملاحظة هو عدم وجود الحيوية التنظيمية في الماضي ، سواء خلال فترة النظام الشيوعي أو قبل ذلك. وفي الآونة الأخيرة ، ومع ذلك ، فإن بعض الباحثين ، وخصوصا الذين يعنون بدراسات المنطقة ، حذروا من أن مثل هذا الاستنتاج قد يكون متسرعاً وغير صحيح. تاريخ إرتباطية بلغاريا -- القضية التي لم تدرس حتى الآن كثيرا -- يوفر دعماً إضافياً لصالح القول بأن الحياة الترابطية في مرحلة ما قبل الشيوعية في المنطقة كانت وفيرة. الأدلة المقدمة في هذا البحث تأتي من التجميع الأصلي لأكثر من 100 من منظمات تم تصنيفها وفقاً للمعايير المعاصرة و من الروايات حول المنظمات الأكثر شعبية وإكتظاظاً بالسكان في البلد منذ القرن التاسع عشر.

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Notes

  1. Three comprehensive classification systems differentiate the nonprofit sector: the UN’s International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC); the European Community’s General Industrial Classification of Economic Activities (NACE); and, the National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities (NTEE) developed by the National Council of Charitable Statistics in the United States. Finding them useful, but not sufficient, Salamon and Anheier (1992; 1996) developed a compatible classification system, the International Classification of Nonprofit Organizations (ICNPO), which classifies nonprofit establishments into 12 major groups based on their primary economic activity.

  2. Chitalishte literally means “a place to read” (coming from the Bulgarian verb to read).

  3. The Bulgarian Statistical Yearbook (1910–1946) is an annual publication of the National Statistical Institute. The newly created Office of Statistics of the Bulgarian Kingdom issued its first volume in 1909. Until 1944 one volume appeared every year except the following: 1913–1922, 1923–1924, 1929–1930, 1943–1946.

  4. Leseverein literally means “reading association” (the German verb “lesen” means to read).

  5. For more on the French cabinet de lecture, see Pain (1828) and Fustier (1883).

  6. Data on the chitalishte are from the two most extensive and comprehensive studies ever conducted on chitalishte in Bulgaria by Kondarev et al. (1972; 1979).

  7. Probably the best source of information about the chitalishte before the liberation of Bulgaria in 1878 is the study by Chilingirov (1930).

  8. One of the most comprehensive publications on the Bulgarian Red Cross is the jubilee edition dedicated to its 120th anniversary, see Topuzov and Gladilov (1998).

  9. Most of the organizational history of the hunters is presented in the jubilee publication of Stancheva and Vasilev (1998).

  10. The history of most Bulgarian patriotic organizations can be found in Ianchev (2000).

  11. Data are from the jubilee collection for the 90th anniversary of the Bulgarian Tourist Union (Sŭbev 1986); a work that also offers a chronological history and detailed bibliography of the tourist movement in Bulgaria.

  12. The jubilee edition dedicated to its 75th anniversary offers an extensive review of the philatelic movement in Bulgaria, see Hristov (1968).

  13. For more details on the independent Macedonian organizations before the foundation of the Internal Macedono–Odrin Revolutionary Organization, see Nikolova (1994).

  14. The Macedonian youth organizations are treated in detail in a special publication dedicated to them, see Gotsev (1988).

  15. A concise and systematic history of Thracian organizations, as well as data about membership, is offered in the publications of one of its leaders, Filchev (1999; 2007).

  16. Vodenicharova and Popova (1957) and Daskalova (2005) provide comprehensive overviews of feminist movements in Bulgaria.

  17. The data about the temperance movement are compiled from the Bulgarian Statistical Yearbook (1910–1946), Za vsenarodna trezvenost (1966), and Burilkov (1934).

  18. On the organizational history of the disable in Bulgaria, see Atanasov and Kostadinov (2003) and Georgiev (2001).

  19. An historical perspective on the associational life of the Bulgarian deaf is the focus of the 70th anniversary jubilee publication of Panev et al. (2004). The names used are the original names of the associations. These names have changed over time as the term “deaf-mute” was replaced by “deaf.”

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Acknowledgments

The author is grateful for the invaluable contributions to the fieldwork of this research from Stayko Valkov Petkov and Dr. Tsvetanka Ilieva Ventcharska.

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Valkov, N. Associational Culture in Pre-Communist Bulgaria: Considerations for Civil Society and Social Capital. Voluntas 20, 424–447 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-009-9093-0

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