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Groundwater potentiality mapping in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, using remote sensing and GIS-watershed-based modeling

Cartographie du potentiel en eau souterraine de la Péninsule du Sinaï, Egypte, utilisant la télédétection et un modèle de contour de bassin versant basé sur SIG

Mapeo de la potencialidad del agua subterránea en la Península de Sinaí, Egipto, usando sensores remotos y modelado GIS basado en la cuenca

تخريط إمكانات تواجد المياه الجوفية بشبه جزيرة سيناء، مصر، بإستخدام الإستشعار عن بعد ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية والنمذجة الحوضية

Mapeamento dos recursos potenciais de água subterrânea na Península do Sinai, Egipto, utilizando detecção remota e modelação de bacias com suporte SIG

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Abstract

Systematic planning for groundwater exploration using modern techniques is essential for the proper utilization, protection and management of this vital resource. Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images, a geographic information system (GIS), a watershed modeling system (WMS) and weighted spatial probability modeling (WSPM) were integrated to identify the groundwater potential areas in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. Eight pertinent thematic layers were built in a GIS and assigned appropriate rankings. Layers considered were: rainfall, net groundwater recharge, lithology or infiltration, lineament density, slope, drainage density, depth to groundwater, and water quality. All these themes were assigned weights according to their relative importance to groundwater potentiality and their corresponding normalized weights were obtained based on their effectiveness factors. The groundwater potentiality map was finally produced by WSPM. This map comprises five gradational groundwater potentiality classes ranging from very high to very low. The validity of this unbiased GIS-based model was tested by correlating its results with the published hydrogeological map of Egypt and the actual borehole yields, where a concordant justification was reached. The map declared that the Sinai Peninsula is generally of moderate groundwater potentiality, where this class encompasses an area of 33,120 km2 which represents 52% of its total area.

Résumé

Un programme méthodique d’exploration des eaux souterraines utilisant des techniques modernes est essentiel à l’utilisation rationnelle, à la protection et à la gestion de cette ressource vitale. L’imagerie Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM +), un système d’informations géographiques (SIG), un modèle de contour des bassins versants et un modèle de pondération spatiale probabiliste (WSPM) ont été intégrés pour identifier les zones de potentiel en eau souterraine de la Péninsule du Sinaï, Egypte. Huit couches thématiquement homogènes ont été incorporées dans un SIG et dotées d’indices appropriés. Les couches prises en considération sont : la hauteur des précipitations, la recharge nette en eau souterraine, la lithologie ou l’infiltration, la densité des linéaments, la pente, la densité de drainage, la profondeur de la nappe et la qualité de l’eau. Tous ces paramètres ont été pondérés selon l’importance relative qu’ils ont dans le potentiel en eau souterraine et la pondération normalisée correspondante basée sur leurs facteurs d’efficacité. La carte du potentiel en eau souterraine a été finalement établie avec le modèle WSPM. Elle est construite avec une échelle de 5 classes de potentiel en eau souterraine, allant de très fort à très faible. La validité de ce modèle rationnel basé sur SIG a été testée en comparant ses données avec la carte hydrogéologique d’Egypte publiée et les débits réels des forages, avec une concordance satisfaisante. La carte montre que, dans l’ensemble, la Péninsule du Sinaï dispose d’un potentiel moyen en eau souterraine, cette classe de potentiel couvrant une aire de 33,120 km², qui représente 52% de la surface totale.

Resumen

La planificación sistemática de la exploración de agua subterránea usando técnicas modernas es esencial para la adecuada utilización, protección y manejo de este recurso vital. Se integraron imágenes mejoradas del Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), un sistema de información geográfica (GIS), un sistema de modelado de cuenca (WMS) y un modelado de probabilidad espacial ponderado (WSPM) para identificar las áreas potenciales de agua subterránea en la Península de Sinaí, Egipto. Se ejecutaron ocho capas temáticas pertinentes en un GIS y se le asignaron rangos apropiados. Las capas consideradas fueron: lluvias, recarga neta de agua subterránea, litología o infiltración, densidad de lineamientos, pendientes, densidad de drenaje, profundidad del agua subterránea, y calidad del agua. A todos estos temas se le asignaron pesos de acuerdo con su importancia relativa a la potencialidad del agua subterránea y se obtuvieron sus correspondientes pesos normalizados basados en sus factores de efectividad. El mapa de potencialidad de agua subterránea fue finalmente producido por WSPM. Este mapa comprende cinco clases gradacionales de potencialidad de agua subterránea, de muy alta a muy baja. La validez de estos modelos de GIS no sesgados fueron testeados correlacionando sus resultados con los mapas hidrogeológicos publicados de Egipto y los rendimientos reales de las perforaciones, donde se alcanzó una justificación concordante. El mapa declaró que la Península de Sinaí es generalmente de moderada potencialidad de agua subterránea, donde esta clase abarca un área de 33,120 km2 que representa 52% de su área total.

الملخص

للحماية المناسبة، واستغلال وإدارة هذا المورد الحيوي. فبإستخدام صور القمر الصناعي الأمريكي المحسنة، ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية، تم إجراء نظام نمذجة متكامل يشمل نمذجة لمستجمعات المياه ونظام نمذجة الإحتمالية المرجحة المكانية لتحديد تواجدات المياه الجوفية في شبه جزيرة سيناء، مصر. وقد بنيت ثمانية طبقات ذات الصلة بهذا الموضوع في نظام معلومات جغرافي وتعيين الرتب المناسبة لها. والطبقات المختارة هي: هطول الأمطار، وصافي تغذية المياه الجوفية، الخصائص الصخرية والإرتشاح السطحي، وكثافة الشروخ، درجة الميل السطحي، وكثافة شبكة التصريف، والعمق حتى سطح المياه الجوفية، ونوعية المياه. وقد أعطيت جميع هذه الطبقات الموضوعية أوزان معينة وفقا لأهميتها النسبية في تحديد احتمالية تواجد المياه الجوفية وهي الأوزان التي تم الحصول عليها على أساس عوامل فعاليتها في عملية التحديد. وقد أنتجت خريطة إمكانية تواجد المياه الجوفية عن طريق تقنية النمذجة الوزنية للإحتمالية المكانية. هذه الخريطة تضم خمسة فئات لمناطق إحتمالية تواجد المياه الجوفية بتدرجات تتراوح مابين العالية جدا إلى المنخفضة للغاية. تم اختبار صحة هذا النموذج القائم على نظم المعلومات الجغرافية غير المتحيز خلال ربط نتائجه ومقرانتها بالخريطة الهيدروجيولوجية لمصر والإنتاجية الفعلية للأبار المنتجة، حيث تم التوصل إلى نتيجة عالية تبرر تطابق هذا النموذج على أرض الواقع. وأعلنت هذه الخريطة أن شبه جزيرة سيناء تتصف عموما بفئة معتدلة (متوسطة) من امكانات المياه الجوفية، حيث تشغل هذه الفئة مساحة قدرها 33120 كيلومتر مربع والتي تمثل 52 ٪ من مساحتها الكلية

Resumo

A planificação regular para a exploração dos recursos de água subterrânea utilizando técnicas modernas é essencial para a utilização, protecção e gestão adequada deste recurso vital. Imagens de satélite Landsat ETM + (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus), um sistema de informação geográfica (SIG), um programa de modelação de bacias (WMS) e um programa de modelação espacial de probabilidades ponderadas (WSPM) foram integrados para identificar as áreas com potenciais recursos de água subterrânea na Península do Sinai, Egipto. Foram seleccionados oito temas relevantes e integrados num suporte SIG, atribuindo-se-lhes as respectivas ponderações adequadas. Os temas considerados foram: precipitação, recarga subterrânea bruta, litologia ou infiltração, densidade de alinhamentos, declive, densidade de drenagem, profundidade da água subterrânea e qualidade de água. A cada um destes temas foi atribuído um peso ponderado de acordo com a sua importância para determinar os potenciais recursos de água subterrânea e os seus pesos normalizados correspondentes foram obtidos com base na efectividade dos seus factores. Um mapa do potencial dos recursos de água subterrânea foi finalmente produzido utilizando o WSPM. Este mapa inclui cinco classes que resumem o potencial dos recursos de água subterrânea, variando de muito elevado a muito reduzido. A validade deste modelo imparcial com suporte SIG foi testada realizando uma correlação entre os resultados obtidos da sua aplicação, o mapa hidrogeológico do Egipto e as produtividades das captações, verificando-se a concordância dos resultados. O mapa indica que a Península de Sinai tem recursos de água subterrânea com um potencial moderado, sendo que esta classe corresponde a uma área de 33,120 km2, o que representa 52% da área total.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported and funded by the National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences (NARSS), Cairo, Egypt. We thank the North Sinai Information Center for providing access to the up-to-date unpublished water resources reports. The authors are grateful for the thorough reviews by Dr. Shemin Ge (Editor) and Sue Duncan (Technical Editorial Advisor) of Hydrogeology Journal and the anonymous reviewers. Their comments significantly improved the quality of the paper.

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Elewa, H.H., Qaddah, A.A. Groundwater potentiality mapping in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, using remote sensing and GIS-watershed-based modeling. Hydrogeol J 19, 613–628 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-011-0703-8

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