Abstract
The Pottery Neolithic of the southern Levant (the eighth and seventh millennia BP) was a crucial period in which the foundations were laid for the development of complex societies and urban civilization. This article summarizes the current state of research in this area during this period. Past and present research in Israel and Jordan is reviewed, and methodological problems in fieldwork and analysis are discussed. We attempt a systematic definition of the archaeological entities. For each such entity, we present the available data on chronostratigraphy, characteristics of the material culture (including lithics, ceramics and architecture), burial customs, figurines and images, economy, and site-distribution. While the Yarmukian and Jericho IX occupied territories of similar size and seem to represent entities on the scale of a “culture,” the later Wadi Raba entity extended over a larger area and was of longer duration. A chronostratigraphic summary is presented, and the major entities are compared in terms of site-types, economy, burials, and geographical distribution.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Albright, W. F. (1943). Remarks on Dr. Stekelis's late prehistoric chronology.Bulletin of the American Schools for Oriental Research 89 24–25.
Anati, E., Avnimelech, M., Haas, N. and Meyerhof, E. (1973). Hazorea I.Archivi, Vol. 5, Edizioni del Centro, Capo di Ponte.
Arensburg, B. (1970). The human remains from 'Ein El-Jarba.Bulletin of the American Schools for Oriental Research 197 49–52.
Arnon, C., and Amiran, R. (1981). Excavations at Tel Qishon—Preliminary report on the 1977–1978 seasons.Eretz Israel 15 205–212 (in Hebrew with English summary).
Baruch, U. (1987). The Early Bronze Age, Chalcolithic and Neolithic periods. In Ben-Tor, A., and Portugali, Y. (eds.),Tel Qiri, a Village in the Jezreel Valley. Qedem 24, Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
Bar-Yosef, O. (1980). The Stone Age in Sinai. In Meshel, Z. and Finkelstein, I. (eds.),Sinai in Antiquity, Hakkibutz Hameuchad, Tel Aviv, pp. 11–40 (in Hebrew).
Bar-Yosef, O. (1981). The “Pre-Pottery Neolithic” period in the southern Levant. In Cauvin, J., and Sanlaville, P. (eds.),Préhistoire du Levant, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Paris, pp. 555–569.
Bar-Yosef, O., and Belfer-Cohen, A. (1989). The Levantine “PPNB” interaction sphere. In Hershkovitz, I. (ed.),People and Culture in Change, British Archaeological Reports International Series 508, Oxford, pp. 59–72.
Ben-Dor, E. (1936). Pottery of the Middle and Late Neolithic periods.Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 23 77–90.
Benoit, P., Milik, J. T., and de Vaux, R. (1961).Discoveries in the Judean Desert II: Les Grottes de Murabbat, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Ben-Tor, A., and Portugali, Y. (eds.) (1987).Tel Qiri, a Village in the Jezreel Valley, Qedem 24, Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
Betts, A. (1988). The Black Desert survey. Prehistoric sites and subsistence strategies in Eastern Jordan. In Garrard, A. N., and Gebel, H. G. (eds.),The Prehistory of Jordan, British Archaeological Reports International Series 396, Oxford, pp. 369–391.
Bossut, P., Kafafi, Z., and Dollfus, G. (1988). Khirbet ed-Dharih (Survey Site 49/WHS 524), un nouveau gisement néolithique avec céramique du sud-Jordanien.Paléorient 14 127–131.
Braidwood, R. J., and Braidwood, L. S. (1960).Excavations in the Plain of Antioch, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Braun, E. (1984). Yiftahel 1983 (notes and news).Israel Exploration Journal 34 191–194.
Braun, E. (1985). Yiftahel 1984 (notes and news).Israel Exploration Journal 35 58–59.
Braun, E. (1986). Of megarons and ovals: New aspects of the prehistory in Israel.Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society 1985–86 17–26.
Burian, F., and Friedman, E. (1989). A note concerning the C14 dating of Givat Haparsa and Nahal Lavan 109, and the use of ancient ostrich eggshells for bead production.Mitekufat Haeven 22 93–94.
Cauvin, J. (1968). Les outillages néolithiques de Byblos et du littoral libanais.Fouilles de Byblos IV, Maisonneuve, Paris.
Cauvin, J. (1978).Les premières villages de Syrie-Palestine du VIIème millénaire avant J.C., Maison de l'Orient Méditerranéen, Lyons.
Clarke, D. L. (1978).Analytic Archaeology, 2nd ed., Columbia University Press, New York.
Clutton-Brock, J. (1971). The primary food animals of the Jericho Tel from the Proto-Neolithic to the Byzantine period.Levant 3 41–55.
de Contenson, H. (1960). Three soundings in the Jordan Valley.Annals of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 4–5 31–49.
de Contenson, H. (1963). New correlations between Ras Shamra and al'Amuq.Bulletin of the American Schools for Oriental Research 172 35–140.
de Contenson, H. (1971). Tel Ramad, a village of Syria of the seventh and sixth millennia B.C.Archaeology 23(3): 278–285.
Copeland, L. (1969). Neolithic village sites in the South Beqa'a, Lebanon.Mélanges de l'Université Saint-Joseph 45 83–114.
Crowfoot, J. (1935). Notes on the flint implements of Jericho 1935.Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 22 174–184.
Crowfoot, J. (1937). Notes on the flint implements of Jericho 1936.Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 24 35–51.
Crowfoot-Payne, J. (1983). The flint industries of Jericho. In Kenyon, K. M., and Holland, T. A. (eds.),Excavations at Jericho Volume V: The Pottery Phases of the Tell and Other Finds, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 622–759.
de Vaux, R. (1966). Palestine during the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods. InCambridge Ancient History Volume I, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 498–520.
de Vaux, R. (1976). El-Far'a Tell. In Edwards, I. E. S., Gadd, C. J., and Hammoud, N. G. L. (eds.),Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land Volume 2, The Israel Exploration Society and Massada Press, Jerusalem, pp. 395–404.
Ducos, P. (1968).L'Origine des animaux domestiques en Palestine. Publications de l'Institut de Préhistoire de l'Université de Bordeaux, Mémoire 6, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux.
Ducos, P. (1969). Methodology and results of the study of the earliest domesticated animals in the Near East (Palestine). In Ucko, P. J., and Dimbleby, G. W. (eds.),The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals, Duckworth, London, pp. 265–275.
Dunand, M. (1973).Fouilles de Byblos V, Maisonneuve, Paris.
Eisenberg, E. (1986). Tell Teo.Excavations and Surveys in Israel 5 107–109.
Epstein, C. (1984). A Pottery Neolithic site near Tel Qatif.Israel Exploration Journal 34 209–219.
Fitzgerald, G. M. (1934). Excavations at Beth Shean in 1933.Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement 66 123–134.
Fitzgerald, G. M. (1935). The earliest pottery of Beth Shean.The Museum Journal 24 5–22.
Galili, E. (1987). A late Pre-Pottery Neolithic B site on the sea floor at Atlit.Mitekufat Haeven 20 50*-71*.
Galili, E., and Weinstein-Evron, M. (1985). Prehistory and paleoenvironments of submerged sites along the Carmel coast of Israel.Paléorient 11 37–52.
Galili, E., Weinstein-Evron, M., and Ronen, A. (1988). Holocene sea level changes based on submerged archaeological sites off the northern Carmel coast, Israel.Quaternary Research 29 36–42.
Galili, E., Weinstein-Evron, M., and Zohary, D. (1989). The appearance of olives in submerged Neolithic sites along the Carmel coast.Mitekufat Haeven 22 95–97.
Galili, E., Hershkowitz, I., Gopher, A., Weinstein-Evron, M., Lernau, O., Kislev, M., and Horwitz, L. (1993). Atlit-Yam: A prehistoric site on the sea floor off the Israeli coast.Journal of Field Archaeology 20 133–157.
Garfinkel, Y. (1991a). Shaar Hagolan—1989.Excavations and Surveys in Israel 1989/1990 9 110–111.
Garfinkel, Y. (1991b). Tel Eli—1989.Excavations and Surveys in Israel 1989/1990 9 112.
Garfinkel, Y. (1992).The Material Culture in the Central Jordan Valley in the Pottery Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic Periods, Ph.D. thesis, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
Garstang, J. (1935). Jericho: City and necropolis (fifth report).Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 22 143–184.
Garstang, J. (1936). Jericho: City and necropolis.Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 23 67–100.
Garstang, J., and Garstang, J. B. E. (1940).The Story of Jericho, Marshall, Morgan and Scott, London.
Gilead, I. (1988). The Chalcolithic period in the Levant.Journal of World Prehistory 2 397–443.
Gilead, I. (1990). The Neolithic-Chalcolithic transition and the Qatifian of the northern Negev and Sinai.Levant 22 47–63.
Gilead, I., and Alon, D. (1988). Excavations of protohistoric sites in the Nahal Besor and the Late Neolithic of the northern Negev.Mitekufat Haeven 21 109–130.
Glueck, N. (1951). Explorations in eastern Palestine IV.The Annual of the American Schools for Oriental Research 25–28.
Goldberg, P., and Rosen, A. M. (1987). Early Holocene paleoenvironments of Israel. In Levy, T. E. (ed.),Shiqmim I, British Archaeological Reports International Series 356(i), Oxford, pp. 23–33.
Gopher, A. (1985).Flint Industries of the Neolithic Period in Israel, Ph.D. thesis, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
Gopher, A. (1988–1989). The flint industry from Tel Tsaf.Tel-Aviv 15–16 37–46.
Gopher, A. (1989a). The Flint Assemblages of Munhata—Final Report,Les Cahiers du Centre de Recherches Français de Jerusalem,4, Association Paléorient, Paris.
Gopher, A. (1989b). Horvat Galil and Nahal Betzet I: Two Neolithic sites in the Upper Galilee.Mitekufat Haeven 22 82–92.
Gopher, A. (1989c). Neolithic arrowheads of the Levant: Results and implications of a seriation analysis.Paléorient 15 43–56.
Gopher, A. (1991). Implications of the analysis of lithic aspects of the Wadi Raba culture in the Nahal Zehora sites (Israel) of the fifth millennium B.C. Paper presented at the Congress of the UISPP, Bratislava, 1991.
Gopher, A. (1993). Neolithic Flint Arrowheads of the Levant—A Seriation Analysis,American Schools for Oriental Research Ph.D. Series 10, American Schools for Oriental Research, Winona Lake, IN (in press).
Gopher, A., and Greenberg, R. (1987). Pottery Neolithic levels at Tel Dan.Mitekufat Haeven 20 91*-113*.
Gopher, A., and Orrelle, E. (1990). The flint industry of Nahal Zehora I, a Wadi Raba site in the Menashe Hills.Bulletin of the American Schools for Oriental Research 276 67–76.
Gopher, A., and Orrelle, E. (1991). Preliminary report on excavations of Nahal Zehora II—seasons 1990–1991.Mitekufat Haeven 23 169–172.
Gopher, A., and Tsuk, T. (1991). Ancient Gold, Rare artifacts from the Nahal Qanah Cave.Catalogue No. 321, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem.
Gopher, A., Tsuk, Z., Shalev, S., and Gophna, R. (1990). Earliest gold artifacts discovered in the southern Levant.Current Anthropology 31 436–443.
Gopher, A., Sadeh, S., and Goren, Y. (1992). The Neolithic pottery of Nahal Betzet I.Israel Exploration Journal 42 4–16.
Gophna, R. (1979). Tel Tsaf, a Chalcolithic settlement on the banks of the Jordan.Qadmoniot 12(2–3 54–56 (in Hebrew).
Gophna, R. (1982). The Chalcolithic period. In Efal, I. (ed.),The History of Eretz Israel Volume I, Keter, Jerusalem, pp. 76–94.
Gophna, R., and Kislev, M. (1979). Tel Tsaf (1977–1978).Revue Biblique 86 112–114.
Gophna, R., and Sadeh, S. (1988–1989). Excavations at Tel Tsaf: An Early Chalcolithic site in the Jordan Valley.Tel-Aviv 15–16 3–36.
Goren, Y. (1990). The “Qatifian Culture” in southern Israel and Transjordan: Additional aspects for its definition.Mitekufat Haeven 23 100–112.
Goren, Y. (1991).The Beginnings of Pottery Production in Israel: Technology and Typology of Proto-Historic Ceramic Assemblages in Eretz-Israel (6–4th mill. B.C.), Ph.D. thesis, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
Goring-Morris, A. N. (1984). The lithic assemblages from Tel Mevorakh. In Stern, E. (ed.),Excavations at Tel Mevorakh (1973–1976), Qedem 18, Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, pp. 81–86.
Goring-Morris, A. N., and Gopher, A. (1983). Nahal Issaron: A Neolithic settlement in southern Negev, preliminary report on the excavations in 1980.Israel Exploration Journal 33 149–162.
Hedges, R. E. M., Housley, R. A., Law, I. A., and Bronk, C. R. (1989). Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: Archaeometry datelist 9.Archaeometry 31 207–234.
Hodder, I. (1977). The distribution of material culture items in the Baringo District, W. Kenya.Man 12 239–269.
Hopf, M. (1983). Jericho plant remains. In Kenyon, K. M., and Holland, T. A. (eds.),Excavations at Jericho Volume V: The Pottery Phases of the Tell and Other Finds, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 576–621.
Horwitz, L. K., and Tchernov, E. (1987). Faunal remains from the PPNB submerged site of Atlit.Mitekufat Haeven 20 72–78.
Kafafi, Z. (1985a). First season of excavations at Jebel Abu Thawwab (Er-Rumman) 1984 (preliminary report).Annals of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 39 31–41.
Kafafi, Z. (1985b). Late Neolithic architecture from Jebel Abu Thawwab, Jordan.Paléorient 11 125–128.
Kafafi, Z. (1986). Second season of excavations at Jebel Abu Thawwab (Er-Rumman), 1985 (preliminary report).Annals of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 30 57–67.
Kafafi, Z. (1987). The Pottery Neolithic in Jordan in connection with other Near Eastern regions. In Hadidi, A. (ed.),Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan Volume 3, Department of Antiquities Jordan and Routledge and Kegan Paul, Amman, pp. 33–39.
Kafafi, Z. (1988). Jebel Abu Thawwab: A Pottery Neolithic village in north Jordan. In Garrard, A. N., and Gebel, H. G. (eds.),The Prehistory of Jordan, British Archaeological Reports International Series 396, Oxford, pp. 451–471.
Kafafi, Z. (1990a). Late Neolithic I pottery from 'Ain er-Rahub, Jordan.Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palestina Vereins 105 1–17.
Kafafi, Z. (1990b). Early pottery contexts from 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan.Bulletin of the American Schools for Oriental Research 280 15–30.
Kafafi, A., Rollefson, G. O., and Simmons, A. H. (1990). The 1989 season at Ain Ghazal: Preliminary report.Annals of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 34 11–26.
Kaplan, J. (1958a). Excavations at Wadi Raba.Israel Exploration Journal 8 149–160.
Kaplan, J. (1958b). Excavations at Teluliot Batashi, Nahal Soreq.Eretz Israel 5 9–24.
Kaplan, J. (1958c).Neolithic and Chalcolithic Settlement in Tel Aviv and Neighbourhood, Ph.D. thesis, Hebrew University, Jerusalem (in Hebrew).
Kaplan, J. (1960). The relation of the Chalcolithic pottery of Palestine to Halafian ware.Bulletin of the American Schools for Oriental Research 159 32–36.
Kaplan, J. (1965a). Hamadiya.Hadashot Arkheologiot 13 16–17 (in Hebrew).
Kaplan, J. (1965b). Hamadiya.Revue Biblique 72 543–544.
Kaplan, J. (1966). Kfar Giladi.Israel Exploration Journal 16 272–273.
Kaplan, J. (1969). 'Ein el Jarba.Bulletin of the American Schools for Oriental Research 194 2–39.
Kaplan, J. (1970). The excavations of Habashan Street. In Mazar, B. (ed.),Encyclopaedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. Volume B, Israel Exploration Society and Massada Press, Jerusalem, p. 563 (in Hebrew).
Kaplan, J. (1972). Twenty years to the discovery of the Chalcolithic Wadi Raba culture.The Ha'aretz Museum Annual 14 9–13 (in Hebrew).
Kaplan, J. (1976). Hammadiya. In Avi-Yonah, M. (ed.),Encyclopaedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land Volume 2, Israel Exploration Society and Massada Press, Jerusalem, pp. 468–469.
Kaplan, J. (1977). Neolithic and Chalcolithic remains at Lod.Eretz Israel 13 57–75 (in Hebrew, with English summary).
Kaplan, J. (1978). Habashan Street. In Avi-Yonah, M., and Stern, E. (eds.),Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land Volume IV, Massada Press, Jerusalem, pp. 1159–1161.
Kenyon, K. M. (1957).Digging Up Jericho, Benn, London.
Kenyon, K. M. (1959). Earliest Jericho.Antiquity 33 5–9.
Kenyon, K. M. (1960).Archaeology in the Holy Land, 1st ed., Frederick A. Praeger, New York.
Kenyon, K. M. (1970).Archaeology in the Holy Land, 3rd ed., Praeger, New York.
Kenyon, K. M. (1981).Excavations at Jericho Volume III: The Architecture and Stratigraphy of the Tell, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Kenyon, K. M., and Holland, T. A. (eds.) (1982).Excavations at Jericho Volume IV: The Pottery Type Series and Other Finds, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Kenyon, K. M., and Holland, T. A. (eds.) (1983).Excavations at Jericho Volume V: The Pottery Phases of the Tell and Other Finds, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Kirkbride, D. (1969). Early Byblos and the Beqa'a.Mélanges de l'Université Saint-Joseph 45 43–60.
Kirkbride, D. (1971). A commentary on the Pottery Neolithic of Palestine.Harvard Theological Review 64 281–289.
Köhler-Rollefson, I. (1989). Changes in goat exploitation at 'Ain Ghazal between the Early and Late Neolithic: A metrical analysis.Paléorient 15 141–145.
Köhler-Rollefson, I., Gillespie, W., and Metzger, M. (1988). The fauna from Neolithic Ain Ghazal. In Garrard, A. N., and Gebel, H. G. (eds.),The Prehistory of Jordan, British Archaeological Reports International Series 396, Oxford, pp. 423–430.
Lechevallier, M. (1978).Abu Gosh et Beisamoun, deux gisements du VII millénaire avant l'ère chrétienne en Israel, Mémoires et Travaux du Centre de Recherches Préhistoriques Français de Jérusalem 2, Association Paléorient, Paris.
Leonard, A., Jr. (1985). The Kataret es-Samra project: 1985.Annals of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 29 289–290.
Leonard, A., Jr. (1989). A chalcolithic “Fineware” from Kataret Es-Samra in the Jordan Valley.Bulletin of the American Schools for Oriental Research 276 3–14.
Levy, T. E. (1986). The Chalcolithic period.Biblical Archaeologist 49 82–108.
Levy, T. E. (1987).Shiqmim I: Studies Concerning Chalcolithic Societies in the Northern Negev Desert, Israel (1982–1984), British Archaeological Reports International Series 356, Oxford.
Lipschitz, N. (1988–89). Analysis of the botanical remains from Tel Tsaf.Tel-Aviv 15–16 52–54.
MacDonald, E. (1932). Prehistoric Fara. InBeth Pelet II, British School of Archaeology, Cairo, pp. 1–22.
MacDonald, B. (1988).The Wadi el Hasq Archaeological Survey 1979–1983, West Central Jordan, Laurier University Press, Laurier, Ontario.
Mallon, A., Koeppel, R., and Neuville, R. (1934).Teluliot Ghassul, Institute Biblique Pontifical, Rome.
Mellart, J. (1956). The Neolithic site of Ghrubba.Annals of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 3 24–33.
Mellaart, J. (1975).The Neolithic of the Near East, Thames and Hudson, London.
Meyerhof, E. (1982). Ein el Jarba (preliminary report).Mitekufat Haeven 17 79–85.
Moore, A. M. T. (1973). The late Neolithic in Palestine.Levant 5 36–68.
Moore, A. M. T. (1978).The Neolithic of the Levant, D.Phil. thesis, Oxford University, Oxford.
Moore, A. M. T. (1982). A four-stage sequence for the Levantine Neolithic ca. 8500–3750 B.C.Bulletin of the American Schools for Oriental Research 246 1–34.
Moore, A. M. T. (1985). The development of Neolithic societies in the Near East. In Wendorf, F., and Close, A. E. (eds.),Advances in World Archaeology Volume 4, Academic Press, Orlando, pp. 1–69.
Muheisen, M., Gebel, H. G., Hannss, C., and Neef, R. (1988). 'Ain Rahub, a new Final Natufian and Yarmoukian site near Irbid. In Garrard, A. N., and Gebel, H. G. (eds.),The Prehistory of Jordan, British Archaeological Reports International Series No. 396(ii), Oxford, pp. 472–502.
Najjar, M., Abu Dayya, A., Suleiman, E., Weisberber, G., and Hauptmann, A. (1990). Tell Wadi Feinan, the first Pottery Neolithic tell in the south of Jordan.Annals of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 34 27–56.
Noy, T. (1976).Six Neolithic Sites: A Sample from Different Geographical Zones of Israel, Ph.D. thesis, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
Noy, T. (1977). Neolithic sites in the western coastal plain.Eretz Israel 13 18–33 (in Hebrew).
Olami, Y., Burian, F., and Friedman, E. (1977). Givat Haparsa—a Neolithic site in the coastal region.Eretz Israel 8 34–47 (in Hebrew, with English summary).
Perrot, J. (1964). Les deux premières campagnes de fouilles à Munhata (1962–63), premières résultats.Syria 41 323–345.
Perrot, J. (1965). Munhata.Israel Exploration Journal 15 248–249.
Perrot, J. (1966a). Munhata (Kh. Minha).Israel Exploration Journal 16 269–271.
Perrot, J. (1966b). La troisième campagne de fouilles à Munhata (1964).Syria 43 49–63.
Perrot, J. (1967). Munhata (Kh. Minha).Israel Exploration Journal 17 267–268.
Perrot, J. (1968). La préhistoire Palestinienne.Dictionnaire de la bible—supplément 8 286–446.
Prausnitz, M. W. (1957). Khirbet Sheikh 'Ali.Revue Biblique 1957(2): 252–253.
Prausnitz, M. W. (1959). Kabri.Israel Exploration Journal 9 268.
Prausnitz, M. W. (1960). Tell 'Eli (Kh. esh-Sheikh 'Ali).Israel Exploration Journal 10 119–120.
Prausnitz, M. W. (1961). Excavations at Tel Eli.Mitekufat Haeven 2 58–59 (in Hebrew).
Prausnitz, M. W. (1968). Minat Achziv, south.Hadashot Arkheologiyot 27 24.
Prausnitz, M. W. (1969). The Excavations at Kabri.Eretz Israel 9 122–129 (in Hebrew).
Prausnitz, M. W. (1970a). Tel Ali. In Mazar, B. (ed.),Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land Volume B, Israel Exploration Society and Massada Press, Jerusalem, p. 594 (in Hebrew).
Prausnitz, M. W. (1970b).From Hunter to Farmer to Trader, Sivan, Jerusalem.
Prausnitz, M. W. (1975). 'Ali, Tell. In Avi-Yonah, M. (ed.),Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, Volume 1, Israel Exploration Society and Massada Press, Jerusalem, pp. 61–64.
Prausnitz, M. W. (1977). The pottery of Newe-Yam.Eretz Israel 13 271–275.
Prausnitz, M. W., Burian, F., Friedman, E., and Wreschner, E. (1970). Excavations at Herzlia, site 30/9.Mitekufat Haeven 10 11–16 (in Hebrew, with English summary).
Renfrew, C. (1972).The Emergence of Civilization, Methuen, London.
Rollefson, G. O. (1989a). The late Aceramic Neolithic of the Levant: A synthesis.Paléorient 15 168–173.
Rollefson, G. O. (1989b). The Aceramic Neolithic of the southern Levant: The view from Ain Ghazal.Paléorient 15 135–140.
Rollefson, G. O. (1990a). The uses of plaster at Neolithic Ain Ghazal, Jordan.Archeomaterials 4(1): 33–54.
Rollefson, G. O. (1990b). The PPNC phase of the Aceramic Neolithic of the Near East. Paper presented at the Third Symposium on Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic Populations of Europe and the Mediterranean Basin, Budapest, 1990.
Rollefson, G. O., and Köhler-Rollefson, I. (1989). The collapse of Early Neolithic settlements in the southern Levant. In Hershkovitz, I. (ed.),People and Culture in Change, British Archaeological Reports International 508, Oxford, pp. 73–90.
Rollefson, G. O., and Simmons, A. (1986). The Neolithic village of Ain Ghazal, Jordan: Preliminary report on the 1984 season.Bulletin of the American Schools for Oriental Research Supplement 24 145–164.
Rollefson, G. O., and Simmons, A. (1988). The Neolithic village of Ain Ghazal, Jordan: Preliminary report on the 1985 season.Bulletin of the American Schools for Oriental Research Supplement 25 93–106.
Rollefson, G. O., Kafafi, Z. A., and Simmons, A. (1991). The Neolithic village of Ain Ghazal, Jordan: Preliminary report on the 1988 season.Bulletin of the American Schools for Oriental Research Supplement 27 95–116.
Rollefson, G. O., Simmons, A. H., and Kafafi, Z. A. (1992). Neolithic cultures at Ain Ghazal, Jordan.Journal of Field Archaeology 19 443–471.
Rosen, S. A. (1988–89). Pottery Neolithic flint artifacts from Tell Lachish.Tel-Aviv 15–16 193–196.
Rot, Y. (1976). Two stone figurines from Ein Hashofet and Ein Dor.Mitekufat Haeven 14 61–68.
Schaffer, C. F. A. (1948).Stratigraphie comparée et chronologies de l'Asie occidentale, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Schaffer, C. F. A. (1961). Les fondements pré- et protohistoriques de Syrie du Néolithique précéramique au Bronze ancien.Syria 38 7–22.
Shipton, G. M. (1939). Notes on the Megiddo pottery of Strata VI–XX.Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilizations 17 University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Simmons, A. H., Köhler-Rollefson, K., Rollefson, G. O., Mandel, R. D., and Kafafi, Z. (1988). Ain Ghazal: A major Neolithic settlement in central Jordan.Science 240 35–39.
Simmons, A. H., Kafafi, Z., Rollefson, G. O., and Moyer, K. (1989). Test excavations at Wadi Shu'eib, a major Neolithic settlement in central Jordan.Annals of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 33 27–42.
Stekelis, M. (1950–1951). A new Neolithic industry: The Yarmukian of Palestine.Israel Exploration Journal 1 1–19.
Stekelis, M. (1966).The Yarmukian Culture, Magnes Press, Jerusalem (in Hebrew).
Stekelis, M. (1972).The Yarmukian Culture of the Neolithic Period, Magnes Press, Jerusalem.
Sussman, V. (1990). Sheikh Ali 1959—the section in Area C.Mitekufat Haeven 23 113–140.
Tufnell, O. (1958).Lachish IV: The Bronze Age, Oxford University Press, London.
Wolff, S. R. (1991). Archaeology in Israel.American Journal of Archaeology 95 489–538.
Wreschner, E. E. (1977). Newe-Yam. A submerged late Neolithic settlement near Mount Carmel.Eretz Israel 13 259–270.
Wright, G. E. (1937).The Pottery of Palestine from the Earliest Times to the End of the Early Bronze Age, Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, New Haven.
Yeivin, E., and Mozel, I. (1977). Afossile directeur figurine of the Pottery Neolithic A.Tel-Aviv 4 194–200.
Yeivin, E., and Olami, Y. (1979). Nizzanim—a Neolithic site in Nahal Evtah: Excavations of 1968–1970.Tel-Aviv 6 99–135.
Zass, B. (1980). Biqat Uvda Site 7.Hadashot Arkhiologiyot 74–75 38–39 (in Hebrew).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gopher, A., Gophna, R. Cultures of the eighth and seventh millennia BP in the southern Levant: A review for the 1990s. J World Prehist 7, 297–353 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00974722
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00974722