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ADP-ribosylation factors: a family of ∼20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that activate cholera toxin

  • Part IV: Toxin Mono-ADP-ribosylation
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Abstract

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) comprise a family of ∼20 kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that were discovered as one of several cofactors required in cholera toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of Gsα, the guanine nucleotide-binding protein responsible for stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, and was subsequently found to enhance all cholera toxin-catalyzed reactions and to directly interact with, and activate the toxin. ARF is dependent on GTP or its analogues for activity, binds GTP with high affinity in the presence of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine/cholate and contains consensus sequences for GTP-binding and hydrolysis. Six mammalian family members have been identified which have been classified into three groups (Class I, II, and III) based on size, deduced amino acid sequence identity, phylogenetic analysis and gene structure. ARFs are ubiquitous among eukaryotes, with a deduced amino acid sequence that is highly conserved across diverse species. They have recently been shown to associate with phospholipid and Golgi membranes in a GTP-dependent manner and are involved in regulating vesicular transport.

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Abbreviations

ARF:

ADP-ribosylation factor

sARF I and sARF II:

soluble ADP-ribosylation factors purified from bovine brain

mARF:

purified membrane-associated ARF

hARF:

human ARF

bARF:

bovine ARF

yARF:

yeast ARF

ARF:

bacterially-expressed recombinant ARF

gARF:

Giardia ARF

dARF:

Drosophila ARF

G protein:

guanine nucleotide-binding protein

Gs :

G protein responsible for stimulation of adenylyl cyclase

GTPγS:

guanosine-5′-O-(3-thio-triphosphate)

CIAI:

cholera toxin A1 subunit

DMPC:

dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine

SDS:

sodium dodecyl sulfate

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  1. Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Room 5N-307, Building 10, 20892, Bethesda, MD, USA

    Catherine F. Welsh, Joel Moss & Martha Vaughan

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  1. Catherine F. Welsh
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  2. Joel Moss
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  3. Martha Vaughan
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Welsh, C.F., Moss, J. & Vaughan, M. ADP-ribosylation factors: a family of ∼20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that activate cholera toxin. Mol Cell Biochem 138, 157–166 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00928458

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