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Metacognitive Facilitation of Spontaneous Thought Processes: When Metacognition Helps the Wandering Mind Find Its Way

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The Cognitive Neuroscience of Metacognition

Abstract

Mind wandering (MW) and metacognition may give the impression of lying at the opposite poles of the spectrum of human cognition. MW involves undirected, spontaneous thought processes that often occur without our volition and sometimes despite our intentions. Metacognition, by contrast, involves the conscious, often intentional monitoring and evaluation of our own mental processes and behaviors. The neural correlates of MW and metacognition may also appear strictly distinct at first, considering the almost exclusive focus on default network regions’ involvement in MW, in contrast to the emphasis on higher order prefrontal regions’ role in metacognitive processing. In this chapter, we will argue that despite the apparent gulf between MW and metacognition, some of the most intriguing mental phenomena we humans are capable of experiencing involve an intimate, dynamic interplay between MW and metacognition. According to the standard view of their interaction, metacognition serves to correct the wandering mind, suppressing spontaneous thoughts and bringing attention back to more "worthwhile" tasks. In this chapter, we argue that this "negative" or suppressant view of their interactions represents only a part of the whole picture. Instead, we outline and discuss three examples of positive, facilitative interactions: creative thinking, mindfulness meditation, and lucid dreaming (being aware that one is dreaming while dreaming). We argue that at both the cognitive and neural levels, these phenomena appear to involve an intricate balance whereby spontaneous thought is allowed to arise naturally while at the same time accompanied by metacognitive monitoring of one’s mental content and state of awareness. In ideal cases, this symbiotic relationship results in metacognition facilitating or optimizing spontaneous thought processes, so that they become more creative, less intrusive, and more likely to lead to novel conclusion and realizations.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The empirical evidence presented by this paper in support of its title’s claim is much more controversial than the title suggests. For example, far more spontaneous thoughts were rated as emotionally positive (42.5 %) than negative (26.5 %) [77].

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Michael Czisch for kind permission to reproduce portions of figures from an original publication [35] in this chapter’s Fig. 13.4. Work on this chapter was supported by grants from the Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada awarded to K.C., as well as by a University of British Columbia Four-Year Fellowship and NSERC Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarship awarded to K.C.R.F.

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  1. Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada

    Kieran C. R. Fox & Kalina Christoff

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  1. Kieran C. R. Fox
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Correspondence to Kieran C. R. Fox .

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  1. Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA

    Stephen M. Fleming

  2. Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark

    Christopher D. Frith

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Fox, K.C.R., Christoff, K. (2014). Metacognitive Facilitation of Spontaneous Thought Processes: When Metacognition Helps the Wandering Mind Find Its Way. In: Fleming, S., Frith, C. (eds) The Cognitive Neuroscience of Metacognition. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45190-4_13

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