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Long Island Sound pp 285–479Cite as

Biology and Ecology of Long Island Sound

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Part of the book series: Springer Series on Environmental Management ((SSEM))

Abstract

Many compelling management issues in Long Island Sound (LIS) focus on how organisms respond to stresses such as commercial and recreational harvesting, eutrophication, hypoxia, habitat degradation, invasion of non-native species, ocean acidification, and climate change. In order to address these complex problems, we must first understand the factors controlling biological processes and how organisms interact ecologically. This chapter provides an overview of the major groups of organisms occupying the dominant habitats of LIS.

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Acknowledgments

Glenn Lopez would like to thank Hans Dam, Bob Whitlatch, and Roman Zajac for efforts in planning and organizing this chapter, all the coauthors for their contributions, the editors for their comments and corrections, and Robert Christian for his valuable review.

J. Vaudrey would like to recognize the contribution and support provided by the Department of Marine Sciences at the University of Connecticut, Connecticut Sea Grant (Kremer: R/ER-23), and the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (Kremer: FY2003 EPA 319 NPS #03-33 and FY2004 LISS Enhancement Project #AG0606257). Thanks to Dr. A. Branco and 15 Coastal Studies majors (University of Connecticut) for field assistance, 1999–2004.

C. Pickerell would like to recognize the contribution and support of the Sound Futures Fund of the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation for funding all of CCE’s eelgrass restoration work in LIS. Without this support, none of this work would have been possible. Additional partners within the Sound Futures Fund have included the LIS Study, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and Shell Oil Company. Save the Sound, CT also funded some of the early eelgrass work in LIS. Members of the CCE team instrumental in developing and refining site selection and planting methods for LIS include S. Schott and K. Petersen Manzo. This work would not have been possible without their hard work and dedication.

C. Yarish wishes to thank The Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection’s Long Island Sound Research Fund (CWF-314-R), M. DiGiacomo-Cohen and R. Lewis of the Long Island Sound Resource Center and R. Rozsa for assistance with historical data for Long Island Sound seagrasses; to many undergraduate and graduate students from the UConn Department of Marine Sciences and the late R.A. Cooper, Director Emeritus of the Marine Science Technology Center; to A. Calabrese, Director Emeritus, Milford Laboratory, (NMFS, NOAA, DOC), Milford, Connecticut; and to M. Keser, J. Foertch and J. Swenarton, Millstone Environmental Laboratory, Millstone Power Station, Dominion Resources Services, Inc., Waterford, Connecticut.

H. Dam would like to thank the CTDEEP and the Office of LISS for funding that provided much of the data and analysis for the section on plankton.

Ellen Thomas thanks CT Sea Grant and the LISS EPA office for funding, and many Wesleyan undergraduate students for their hard work.

Chris Elphick thanks Patrick Comins, Frank Gallo, and Greg Hanisek for a careful reading of the text and the Center for Environmental Science and Engineering at the University of Connecticut for providing CSE with office space during the preparation of this manuscript.

Rob DiGiovanni extends his appreciation to Kimberly Durham and Julika Wocial for their help in preparing this document and providing historical background on the marine mammal and sea turtle rescue program.

Gordon Taylor is indebted to the many students and colleagues who have participated in the fieldwork and generously shared their insights into hypoxia. This contribution was supported in part by Hudson River Foundation Grant 012/96A.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA

    Glenn Lopez, Robert Cerrato, Michael Frisk, Christopher Gobler, Lyndie Hice, Darcy Lonsdale, Bradley Peterson, Stephanie Talmage & Gordon Taylor

  2. Connecticut Sea Grant, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, 06340, USA

    Margaret Van Patten

  3. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, 06340, USA

    Chris Elphick & Charles Yarish

  4. Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, 06340, USA

    Hans Dam, Senjie Lin, Sheng Liu, George McManus, Sandra E. Shumway & Jamie Vaudrey

  5. Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County, Riverhead, NY, 11901, USA

    Chris Pickerell

  6. Sea Education Association, Falmouth, MA, 02540, USA

    Amy Siuda

  7. Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA

    Ellen Thomas

  8. Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, New Haven, CT, 06516, USA

    Roman Zajac

  9. Riverhead Foundation for Marine Research and Preservation, Riverhead, NY, 11901, USA

    Rob DiGiovanni

  10. School of Natural and Social Sciences, Purchase College, Purchase, NY, 10577, USA

    Maryann McEnroe

  11. Coastal Vision, Newport, RI, 02840, USA

    Drew Carey

  12. Williams-Mystic Maritime Studies Program, Williams College, Stonington, CT, 06355, USA

    James T. Carlton

  13. Marine Fisheries Division, Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA

    Penny Howell

  14. Northeast Fisheries Sciences Center, NOAA, Milford, CT, 06460, USA

    Gary Wikfors

  15. Bureau of Marine Resources, New York Department of Environmental Conservation, East Setauket, NY, 11733, USA

    Kim McKown

  16. Coastal Management Program, Connecticut Department of Energy and Environment Protection Retired, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA

    Ron Rozsa

  17. Orson Ecological Consulting, Branford, CT, 06405, USA

    Rick Orson

  18. University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA

    Adrian Jordaan

  19. Bureau of Water Management Planning and Standards, Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, Harford, CT, 06106, USA

    Kelly Streich

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  1. Glenn Lopez
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  2. Drew Carey
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  24. Amy Siuda
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  25. Kelly Streich
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  26. Stephanie Talmage
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  27. Gordon Taylor
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  28. Ellen Thomas
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  30. Jamie Vaudrey
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  31. Charles Yarish
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  33. Roman Zajac
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Glenn Lopez .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA

    James S. Latimer

  2. US Environmental Protection Agency Long Island Sound Office, Stamford, Connecticut, USA

    Mark A. Tedesco

  3. School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA

    R. Lawrence Swanson

  4. University of Connecticut, Stamford Dept. Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Stamford, Connecticut, USA

    Charles Yarish

  5. New Hampshire Fish and Game Department, Great Bay National,Estuarine Research Reserve, Durham, New Hampshire, USA

    Paul E. Stacey

  6. Div. Science & Environmental Policy, California State University Monterey Bay (CSUMB), Seaside, California, USA

    Corey Garza

Appendix 6.1

Appendix 6.1

Definitions of the temperature adaptation and depth groups used to classify finfish species captured in Long Island Sound Trawl Survey. Classifications are based on information taken from Collette and Klein-MacPhee (2002) and Murdy et al. (1997).

ADAPTION GROUPS

Adapted to Cold Temperate Waters:

  • more abundant north of Cape Cod, MA than south of New York

  • behaviorally adapted to cold temperatures, including subfreezing

  • preferred T range approximately 3–15 °C

  • spawns at lower end of T tolerance

Adapted to Warm Temperate Waters:

  • more abundant south of New York than north of Cape Cod, MA

  • behaviorally avoids temperatures <10 °C

  • preferred T range approximately 11–22 °C

  • spawns at higher end of T tolerance

Adapted to Sub-tropical/Tropical Waters:

  • rare north of Chesapeake and occasional or rare in the mid-Atlantic

  • strays captured north of mid-Atlantic are usually juveniles

  • not tolerant of temperatures <10 °C

  • spawns only south of New York Bight

DEPTH GROUPS

Epibenthic (E)

  • found exclusively or almost exclusively on the bottom

  • feeds almost entirely on benthic prey

  • if fished, taken only by bottom gear such as otter trawl nets

Demersal (D)

  • associated with the bottom or bottom structure but may use water column occasionally

  • feeds primarily on bottom organisms; uses bottom sediments in reproduction

  • if fished, taken primarily by bottom tending gear or mid-water gear such as pound nets

Pelagic (P)

  • uses the entire water column or primarily surface waters; eggs and larvae develop entirely in surface waters

  • feeds primarily on surface prey or a mix of benthic/surface prey

  • if fished, taken primarily by off-bottom or surface gear such as drift gill-nets or long lines

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Lopez, G. et al. (2014). Biology and Ecology of Long Island Sound. In: Latimer, J., Tedesco, M., Swanson, R., Yarish, C., Stacey, P., Garza, C. (eds) Long Island Sound. Springer Series on Environmental Management. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6126-5_6

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