Abstract
Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a major health problem worldwide. This metabolic disease is indicated by high blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin production by the pancreas. An inflammatory response occurs as a result of the immune response to high blood glucose levels as well as the presence of inflammatory mediators produced by adipocytes and macrophages in fat tissue. This low and chronic inflammation damages the pancreatic beta cells and leads to insufficient insulin production, which results in hyperglycemia.
Hyperglycemia in diabetes is thought to cause dysfunction of the immune response, which fails to control the spread of invading pathogens in diabetic subjects. Therefore, diabetic subjects are known to more susceptible to infections. The increased prevalence of T2D will increase the incidence of infectious diseases and related comorbidities.
Objective: This review provides an overview of the immunological aspect of T2D and the possible mechanisms that result in increased infections in diabetics.
Conclusion: A better understanding of how immune dysfunctions occur during hyperglycemia can lead to novel treatments and preventions for infectious diseases and T2D comorbidities, thus improving the outcome of infectious disease treatment in T2D patients.
Keywords: Type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, immune dysfunction, comorbidity, infection, treatment outcome.
Current Diabetes Reviews
Title:Type 2 Diabetes and its Impact on the Immune System
Volume: 16 Issue: 5
Author(s): Afiat Berbudi*, Nofri Rahmadika , Adi Imam Tjahjadi and Rovina Ruslami
Affiliation:
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung,Indonesia
Keywords: Type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, immune dysfunction, comorbidity, infection, treatment outcome.
Abstract:
Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a major health problem worldwide. This metabolic disease is indicated by high blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin production by the pancreas. An inflammatory response occurs as a result of the immune response to high blood glucose levels as well as the presence of inflammatory mediators produced by adipocytes and macrophages in fat tissue. This low and chronic inflammation damages the pancreatic beta cells and leads to insufficient insulin production, which results in hyperglycemia.
Hyperglycemia in diabetes is thought to cause dysfunction of the immune response, which fails to control the spread of invading pathogens in diabetic subjects. Therefore, diabetic subjects are known to more susceptible to infections. The increased prevalence of T2D will increase the incidence of infectious diseases and related comorbidities.
Objective: This review provides an overview of the immunological aspect of T2D and the possible mechanisms that result in increased infections in diabetics.
Conclusion: A better understanding of how immune dysfunctions occur during hyperglycemia can lead to novel treatments and preventions for infectious diseases and T2D comorbidities, thus improving the outcome of infectious disease treatment in T2D patients.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Berbudi Afiat *, Rahmadika Nofri , Tjahjadi Imam Adi and Ruslami Rovina , Type 2 Diabetes and its Impact on the Immune System, Current Diabetes Reviews 2020; 16 (5) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573399815666191024085838
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573399815666191024085838 |
Print ISSN 1573-3998 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-6417 |
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Retinoids: Impact on Adiposity, Lipids and Lipoprotein Metabolism
Recent Patents on Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Drug Discovery Targeting Nitrosative Stress for Neurovascular Protection: New Implications in Brain Diseases
Current Drug Targets Drug Treatment of Eosinophilic Oesophagitis
Current Drug Metabolism Role of Natural Product in Modulation of Drug Transporters and New Delhi Metallo-β Lactamases
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Tetrahydrobiopterin Pathway may Provide Novel Molecular Targets for Acute and Long Term Efficacy of Mood-Regulating Drugs
Current Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine The Functions of Bursal Hexapeptide (BHP) on Immune Response and the Molecular Mechanism on Immature B Cell
Protein & Peptide Letters Apoptotic Cell Clearance and Autoimmune Disorder
Current Medicinal Chemistry Wounds Difficult to Heal: An Effective Treatment Strategy
Current Vascular Pharmacology NADPH Oxidases NOXs and DUOXs as Putative Targets for Cancer Therapy
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry The Clinical Genetics of Psoriasis
Current Genomics Development of Proteinase-Activated Receptor 1 Antagonists as Therapeutic Agents for Thrombosis, Restenosis and Inflammatory Diseases
Current Pharmaceutical Design Cytisine - From the Past to the Future
Current Pharmaceutical Design Virus-Like Particles as Particulate Vaccines
Current HIV Research Presystemic Metabolism of Orally Administered Peptide Drugs and Strategies to Overcome It
Current Drug Metabolism Clinical Signs, Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections in Infants
Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets Small Molecule TGF-beta Mimetics as Potential Neuroprotective Factors
Current Alzheimer Research Plasmids Encoding Protein Aggregation Domains Act As Molecular Adjuvants for DNA Vaccines
Current Gene Therapy Damage and Recovery of the Bone Marrow Microenvironment Induced by Cancer Chemotherapy – Potential Regulatory Role of Chemokine CXCL12/Receptor CXCR4 Signalling
Current Molecular Medicine Therapeutic Approaches of Leptin in Alzheimers Disease
Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery (Discontinued) Resorcylic Acid Lactones as the Protein Kinase Inhibitors , Naturally Occuring Toxins
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry